Worksheet 6 Part2 Microbiology

One of the most scariest diseases, if not the scariest disease, was smallpox. Smallpox was a game change in the 1500’s. The smallpox most definitely had one of the biggest impacts on the world. People often say that had it still been occurring it would have wiped out mankind and possibly all mammals, reptiles, amphibians and possibly most birds, and bugs. The cause of the civil war was because of an epidemic of smallpox. That was classified as the first recorded smallpox epidemic in the New World. This epidemic took place in 1518, it spread to Mexico and South

Indirect infection transmission is caused when there is no physical contact between humans. Indirect infection is generally spread when someone sneezes or coughs, causing the disease to become airborne. Another way indirect transmission can occur is when a surface becomes contaminated such as a change table or a toy. This is why it's important to ensure your centre is effective in environmental cleaning. The third way an indirect infection can occur is through contact with animals such as mosquitos, rats, mice, dogs, fleas, ticks etc. Germs can be present in their skin, feathers, faeces and saliva. These germs don't always cause disease in animals but can be infectious to humans. For example mosquito bites can cause malaria, elephantitis, yellow

squirrels, camels, and sheep. The bacteria can be found mainly in rats and in the

Do people know that there are a bunch of Specific Transcription in the world ? if u do not know i am about to tell you some good examples in this scientific gene. listen closely to what i got to say and you will be very surprise of what’s going

The pathological changes have been noticed in patients dying with all filovirus infections, with extensive necrosis in parenchymal cells of many organs, including liver, spleen, kidneys, gonads and so forth (Zakin et al., 1999). In terms of organ infectivity titer, testis, lymph nodes, spleen, adrenal gland and liver have higher PFU/ml than other organs (Geisbert, 2003). This maybe linked to the abundance of macrophages in these organs tissue, where this tropism likely plays an equally important role in the disease pathogenesis.

Some viruses can be mild, and some can be deadly. Viruses such as rhinitis and gastroenteritis can be treated easily but some like malaria and the ebola virus can be fatal. Viruses are microscopic pathogenic particles so small that they can only be seen through an electron microscope. A virus particle, or a virion, consists of a strand of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid (protein coat). Some have a membrane of lipid (envelope) surrounding the protein, providing an extra layer of protein. Viruses are transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, sweat and even excrement. Once the bodily fluids have been introduced to a body, the pathogens will search for breaks in the skin so that they may enter the body. Viruses don’t have the chemical

“Streptococcus Group A (GAS) is also called Streptococcus Pyogenes. This is a gram-positive coccus pathogen that causes a large variety of diseases (Fieber & Kovarik 2014). Most GAS infections are mild such as Strep throat. Strep A is one of the most common pathogens that occur in humans.

"Mitotic index or frequency is used to determine the rate of somatic cell growth to determine if the rate of growth is abnormal (Haapasalo et. Al, 1989)." Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue (Mayo Clinic Staff). Survival rates are steadily improving over the years with different methods being used to cure cancer. Some are good, successful fond improvements and some are fails. There are various numbers of signs and symptoms that forms cancers. The general signs/symptoms are fatigue, lump or area of thickening under the skin, hoarseness, changes in digestive system such as bowel movements, skin changes, weight

After the bacteria Wolbachia was first discovered in 1924, hundreds of scientists has been studying this organism and it is now known that it infects more than 70% of the insect species in the planet. It lives within the host cells, meaning it is an intracellular endosymbiont. It can be vertically transmitted, by the mother to the egg, or horizontally transmitted, from an organism that is not the parent. The relationship between the Wolbachia and the host may be parasitism, when one member is benefited and another is harmed, or mutualism obligated, when both are benefited by it. In the case of the insects, it is a parasitic relationship. The bacteria affects different aspects of its host’s life but especially its reproduction. Depending on

What is a disease vector? Discuss the roles and importance of disease vectors in the transmission of diseases. 25 pts.

Cancer is the worst and deadliest disease that hits over millions of people worldwide, and about 1 in 8 people will ultimately die on the course of cancer. It’s the most widespread disease that responsible for approximately 13% of all human deaths.

Through the reverse transcription, the viral RNA is transcribed to viral double-stranded DNA. This process is catalyzed by an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, also known as reverse transcriptase, which is encoded by the viral genome, which is integrated within the cell genome by integrase. This protein cleaves nucleotides of each 3’ ends of the double helix DNA creating two sticky ends, transfers the modified provirus DNA into the cell nucleus and facilitates its integration into the host genome. The integration of proviral DNA and the expression of the provirus require that target cell is in an activated state. Monocytes/macrophages, microglial cells, and latently infected quiescent CD4+ T-cells contain integrated provirus and are important long-living cellular reservoirs of HIV. Upon cell activation, transcription of proviral DNA into a messenger RNA occurs. Transcription process initially results in the early synthesis of regulatory HIV-1 proteins such as Tat and Rev. Tat binds to the TAR site (Transactivation Response Element) at the beginning of the HIV-1 RNA in the nucleus and stimulates the transcription and the formation of longer RNA transcripts. Rev facilitates the transcription of longer RNA transcripts and the expression of structural and enzymatic genes and inhibits the production of regulatory proteins, therefore promoting the formation of mature viral

The bacillus genus comprises of gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobic endospore-forming rod-shaped bacteria that includes both mesophiles and extremophiles (Priest, 1993). Bacillus species are ubiquitous and environmentally diverse, they include thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkalophilic and halophilic bacteria. The bacteria produce spores under unfavourable environmental conditions. Spores produced are resistant to heat, drying, disinfectants and other destructive agents thus remain viable for long periods (Nicholson, Munakata, Horneck, Melosh, & Setlow, 2000). Spores may be oval or cylindrical in shape and may be located centrally, sub terminally or terminally. Spores, resting and inactive survival

The term "disease" refers to conditions that impair normal tissue function. However, there are fundamentally different causes for each of these diseases. An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a host by agents whose activities harm the host's tissues (that is, they cause disease) and can be transmitted to other individuals (that is, they are infectious).

Due to the various activities of the pathogen within the host, the host’s immune response gets activated and can kill the pathogens in some