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Minangkabau: The Kings Of The Three Regions In The 18th Century

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The Minangkabau region, enclosed by two mountain ridges, was very fertile and already densely populated by about 1800. The Alam Minangkabau consisted of three regions, luhaks of Agam, Tanah Datar and Limapuluh Kota. This area, situated in the uplands of the Bukit Barisan, was known as the darat; outside it laid the rantau, a loose term denoting areas adjacent to the central region, including the coast. The titular heads of the Minangkabau polity were the Radja Nan Tiga Sila (Kings of the Three Seats), known as the Radja Alam (King of the World), the Radja Adat (King of Adat) and the Radja Ibadat (King of Religion). However the three Kings did not possessed any actual power, no extensive revenues and could make no real claims on the services of the people although they inspired considerable respect in Minangkabau. Trade in gold, the traditional export product declined in the eighteenth century, which was disadvantageous to the kings of Minangkabau as they drew a large part of their income from the gold export. This greatly hindered the capacity of the central government to curtail the authority of local chiefs. As a result the political situation showed a lot of fragmentation. Trade in coffee and cassia, a surrogate for cinnamon, increased, however, at the same time as the region was getting prosperous. Nevertheless, frequent warfare between clans and kampongs caused a problem for the traders not only because of the lack of security as such but also because the legal system

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