Mitosis Exercise 1: Interphase 1.1 There is the preparation of DNA for replication and cell growth. Additionally, this is DNA synthesis. Cell growth and preparation of DNA for replication take place in G1 phase while DNA synthesis occurs in S phase. 1.2 By looking for the intact solid nucleus and at interphase individual chromosomes are not seen easily. 1.3 Red blood cells frequently divide, red blood cells divide at a rate of two million for every second. On the other hand, nerve cells infrequently divide. The cell division of red blood cells takes a short time during the interphase stage, approximately twenty hours as compared to nerve cell. In G1, S, G2 phases, red blood cell takes about eight, six and five hours respectively. Exercise …show more content…
In picture 1, the chromosomes are being pulled apart to the opposite cell poles, which is the feature the cells indicate during anaphase stage. In picture 2, the condensed chromosomes appear with no particular order, and the nucleus is visible which are characteristic the cells show during the prophase stage. Picture 3 shows metaphase stage while picture 4 is a telophase stage. In picture 3, the chromatids lined up in the middle of cells which can only be observed during the metaphase stage. In picture 4, two distinct regions of the chromosomes on the opposite ends of the cells signifying it is a telophase. Picture 5 is anaphase stage while picture 6 is telophase stage. In picture 5, the chromosomes are being pulled towards the cell poles indicating it is anaphase stage. In figure 6, two distinct areas of chromosomes on the opposite ends of the cells are evidenced justifying it is a telophase stage. Picture 7 represents anaphase stage while picture 8 shows prophase stage. The chromosomes are pulled towards opposite of cell poles by the formation of spindle fibre in picture 7, a situation which can only be observed during the anaphase stage. Individual condensed chromosomes appear with the order, and the nucleus is easily identified showing the cell is in its early prophase stage. Exercise 4: cytokinesis
This is the same number of intercellular moves reported by Yin and Yasuda (2002) [14]. A total of 30 intercellular moves are resulted by Gupta (1993) [12]. The best routes of proposed approach is P1(1), P2(1), P3(2), P4(2), P5(1), P6(1) and P7(1). Table 6 shows the solutions of cell formation by different approach.
G1 is the main development period of the cell cycle. In G1, the cell plans to experience cell division. The cell still plays out the majority of its typical capacities, however begins to get greater. The cell then starts to make a duplicate of the cell parts (organelles). It additionally starts to create RNA and orchestrate proteins to prepare to separate.
During this experiment, mitochondria were isolated from 20.2 grams of cauliflower using extraction buffer, filtration through Miracloth, and centrifusion. Twelve samples containing various volumes of mitochondrial suspension, assay buffer, DCIP, sodium azide, and citric acid cycle intermediates were prepared to be read by a spectrophotometer. The inclusion of the dye DCIP allowed for the absorbance of the reactions between the mitochondrial suspension and the TCA cycle intermediates succinate, malonate, and oxalate to be measured, as DCIP turns from blue to colorless as the activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases. Experimental Findings Increasing the number of mitochondria in the reaction did increase the reduction of DCIP relative to the amount of mitochondrial suspension present.
All embryos start off as small round-headed embryos. Embryology is just one of the many pieces of evidence towards the occurrence of
Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test for mitochondrial activity by isolating different organelles using the differential centrifugation process. Studying mitochondria is extremely important because they control the death and life of the cell by regulating the apoptotic signals (Frezza et al 2007). Also they are responsible for the metabolic reactions (aerobic respiration) and the production of ATP (Frezza et al 2007). Three hypotheses were formed based on my knowledge.
In which case, the nuclear envelope is visible again and the DNA uncoil into chromatin. No DNA replication occurs during interphase II. In prophase II, the nuclear envelope disintegrates again, and the chromosomes stay in sister chromatid form (if they unraveled into chromatin during interphase II they condense again). In metaphase II, spindle fibers from opposing poles of the cell attach to the centromeres of each sister chromatid. Sister chromatids are two identical copies/strands connected by one centromere that results from the replication of a chromosome during the S phase.
The haploid spores are produced in a sporangium. Each spore divides mitotically to produce a heart-shaped gametophyte. Male and female parts are developed on the same plant. Gametophyte is small in size and can photosynthesize. In order for the fertilization to take place, enough water should be available so that the sperm may swim to archegonia and fertilize the eggs.
The molecular basis surrounding this topic mentions its importance in research. The emphasis of the article is placed on the relative times of the respective stages and regulations undertaken. 2) This contemporary study focuses on mitosis. An important application of Cell Division,
Introduction: This lab report outlines an experiment on the observation of mitosis in the cells of garlic root tips. Mitosis simply put is the division of a nucleus producing two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Miotic cell division consists of five stages: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The purpose of this experimet was to identify and observe cells within each stage of mitosis using garlic root tip cells.
Additionally, mitotic spindle disintegrates and chromosomes are uncoiled into chromatin, returning the cell to the interphase structure. Even though mitosis is finished with telophase, the final cell segregation occurs at cytokinesis. It starts before telophase and divides the cytoplasm of the cell, therefore making two daughter cells with the genetically identical nucleus. The aim of the practical was to observe the sample of the onion root tip under the microscope and to count cells in different mitotic phases.
Cells in the human body can undergo two types of division: meiosis, or mitosis. Mitosis is for somatic cells while meiosis is for gametes/non-somatic cells. The purpose of this lab is to observe and identify the stages of mitosis and meiosis, and view chromosomes under a compound light microscope. Mitosis would be observed in a preserved onion root-tip slide to view and identify the different stages of the process: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The stages examined in this lab for mitosis were interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis II uses the cells from meiosis I, but in the second division the sister chromatids separate, unlike the first division. In both divisions, the cells go through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase I,
In prokaryotic DNA replication, the chromosomes are organized in a circular fashion. The DNA replication has single origin and a single replicon due to the less complexity of the replication process. Direction of Replication The replication process in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are bi-directional, progressing both ways. However, it has been observed that certain plasmids present in bacteria cell has unidirectional DNA replication.
Conversely, these stages are different for all, and
After the first major growth phase comes the synthesis phase, in which is where a cell enters and its DNA is replicated. Towards the end of the cell cycle are three cell-dividing mechanisms called meiosis, mitosis, and cytokinesis. These three mechanisms allow for the cell to evenly