DNA replication process It is the process which DNA make copy of itself during cell division. 1. In DNA replication is unzip double helix structure of DNA molecule. 2. This replication is carried out by enzyme called helicase which break the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together {A with T, C with G}.
The size of these fragments varies hence generate a biological bar code of restriction enzyme- digested DNA fragments. This pattern is unique to each individual. Restriction enzymes are fore sighted to be an integral part of the modern genetics. (3,
This breaks the DNA loop. The two AraC-arabinose complexes bind to the aral1 and aral2 sites which promotes transcription. When arabinose is present, AraC acts as an activator. If arabinose is present, it builds a complex: AraC + arabinose This complex is needed for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the ara operon. Also for activation the binding of another structure to aral is needed: CRP+cyclic AMP so the activation depends on the presence of arabinose and cAMP.
Protein synthesis Introduction Translation or protein synthesis is a central process of central dogma of molecular biology. It deals with production of proteins or chains of amino acids by making use of a mRNA as a template, ribosomes as protein synthesizing machinery and tRNA’s as carriers of amino acids during the translation process Living cells devote about 90 % of their chemical energy to synthesis of proteins and only about 10 % to other biosynthetic processes. More than 35% of the dry weight of the cell consists of ribosomes, proteins involved in translation process and tRNA molecules. This suggests that protein synthesis is an important process for the survival of microorganisms Protein synthesis process in
DNA also can directly repaired damaged bases. A repair enzyme recognizes incorrect structure in the DNA and directly converts it to a correct structure. Base exision repair involves a category of enzymes known as DNA-N-glycosylacases. The enzymes identify the damaged base and cleave the bond between it and the sugar in the DNA. Then it will remove one base, excises several around it and then replaces it with several new bases using DNA polymerase adding to 3’ ends and then closing it with ligase attached to 5’ end.
The Nucleus is the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. The nucleus regulates all cell activity. It does this by controlling the enzymes present. An enzyme is a substance produced by living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. The chromatone is composed of DNA.
They form between 25–50% of the protein-coding genes of the multicellular organisms. The chicken lysozyme gene is an example of a solitary protein-coding gene with four exons and three introns. A genes family, on the other hand, is a group of genes bearing similar features as DNA’s building blocks (nucleotides) (Galluzzi 126). They contain instructions for making new products such as proteins. In some cases, genes are grouped together to form a family on the basis of product-protein interactions to achieve a certain
The polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory process in which a specific sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is amplified producing many copies of the specific DNA sequence. However, their must be components such as (DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP’s), buffer solution, and magnesium chloride salt solution) are required to carry out the process which undergoes through three major stages to make the copies of DNA segment. First stage is denaturation, after that annealing, then extension. However, this can be done if and only if the 3’ and 5’ ends are known, this helps in initiating DNA synthesis in which it is ensured that two short oligonucleotides acts as primer will anneal onto DNA strands. Polymerase chain reaction process is used as a diagnostic and research tool due to the fact that it can be done within a few hours which makes it a rapid assay.
They also can act as carrier for the dissemination of other MGE like transposons and integrons. Natural plasmids most of the time form the basis for the new molecular development of tools for organisms that lack basic genetic systems for manipulation and functional anatomy. So the development of strategies and a clear explanation of mechanisms of host and microbe interactions in the gut , microbiota need the development of molecular tools which primary in the characterization of species. Plasmids and other MGE associated with the gut microbiota will provide a source of genetic material to develop the tools to transfer
The term “proteome” or “proteomics” was first introduced in 1995. Proteomics is the characterization and identification of all proteins that expressed by a genome or tissue and understanding how these proteins function (Mohanty, 2005). Besides, the purpose of proteomics is not only to recognize all the proteins in a cell but also to generate a complete three-dimensional (3D) map of the cell indicating where the proteins are located. To achieve these goals require the involvement of a large number of different fields such as biochemistry, molecular biology and bioinformatics. Many different areas of study are now grouped under the proteomic such as sequence and structural proteomics, expression proteomics, interaction proteomics and functional