The Pros And Cons Of Circular Migration

Introduction

Since the 1980s European states have been facing the challenge, how to include immigrants in on different stages. Like Fassmann and Münz in their book also present (1996), the illusion of temporary or circular migration has disappeared, guest workers stayed in their new homeland. New migratory groups have been arriving: new work force, entrepreneurs, family members, students, refugees and illegal migrants as well. Migrants make significant contributions to development at national or local level: with their workforce, experiences and knowledge, but with their cultural characteristics or international connections as well. On the other side, mobility brings negative effects with: expenditure of the welfare system, conflicts in the

Several programmes and actions of these governances were, however, later not continued any more. The Dutch government began to restrict some issues such as naturalization or family reunion, and the migration management is no longer so strongly supportive, e.g. in the area of health, labour market, education or political participation. The Netherlands is thus no longer a leader on integration solutions, while Germany shows steady improvements. Germany with France and Switzerland still grants less cultural rights, and can be considered as assimilationist regimes, which expect immigrants to adjust to the host community. Compared the legal rules with the ones of other European countries, immigrants have less equal rights and opportunities in Austria, however, since the first labour migration programme in the 1960´s, the relevant policies and the integration tools have been severely revised and

Decentralization enables to deliver public services more oriented to local communities' preferences, and thus, also enables to recognise and manage the advantages and the negative impacts of migratory movements at local level. It is therefore also an interesting question, how regional and local governments perceive and manage migration from the aspect of their regional / urban development