Mumbai Metropolitan Region Essay
Introduction
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) spread over 4,355 sq. km. consists of 8 Municipal Corporations viz. Greater Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Navi Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Bhiwandi- Nizamapur, Vasai-Virar and Mira-Bhayandar; and 9 Municipal Councils viz. Ambarnath, Kulgaon-Badalapur, Matheran, Karjat, Panvel, Khopoli, Pen, Uran, and Alibaug, along with more than 1,000 villages in Thane and Raigad Districts. MMRDA is responsible for the balanced development of the MMR
Wetlands are a critical environmental resource that function as wild life habitat andprovide various ecosystem services. Wetlands, including mangroves, tidal flats and salt pans cover about 8.3% (350 km2) of MMR. The MMR has a large number of coastal and marine ecosystems
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The wealth of diverse deepsea habitats – hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, seamounts, submarine canyons, abyssal plains, oceanic trenches and recently-discovered asphalt volcanoes – contain a vast array of unique ecosystems and endemic species. Although the magnitude of deep-sea diversity is not yet understood (only 0.0001 per cent of the deep seabed has been subject to biological investigations), it has been estimated that the number of species inhabiting the deep sea may be as high as 10 million. It is believed that the deep seabed supports more species than all other marine environments. Marine biodiversity and ecosystems are threatened by pollution, shipping, military activities and climate change, but today fishing presents the greatest threat. The emergence of new fishing technologies and markets for deep-sea fish products has enabled fishing vessels to begin exploiting these diverse, but poorly understood deep-sea ecosystems. The greatest threat to biodiversity in the deep sea is bottom trawling. This type of high seas fishing is most damaging to seamounts and the coldwater corals they sustain. These habitats are home for several commercial bottom-dwelling fish species. Seamounts are also important spawning and feeding grounds for species, such as marine mammals, sharks and tuna, which make …show more content…
Nearly 8% of industries in the country are located around Mumbai in four large industrial clusters namely, Trans Thane-Belapur belt, Kalyan-Ulhasnagar-Ambarnath belt, western bank of Thane Creek and around Patalganga and Amba Rivers. Evidently, Ulhas, Patalganga and Amba rivers as well as Thane Creek are the recipients of a variety of wastes (Zingde
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