Literature Review On Musical Training

Literature Review As defined by Hanley & Goolsby (2002) musical training refers to the training that contributes to recognize beats, notes, and tonic chords and the one that improves the auditory memory. As a result of this training, musicians could have multiple benefits in their auditory skills. For example, Merzenich, M., Nahum, M., & Van,T. (2013,) rewrite(as mentioned by Musacchia et al., 2007, 2008; Parberty-Clark et al., 2009b,2012a,b,c; Strait et al.,2009,2012,2013a,b) “Musicians have faster neutral responses (on the scale of tenths of milliseconds) to both musical and speech sounds”( p.214). As shown by these authors, musicians’ neutral responses are faster to speech sounds, so the benefits of musical training are not only limited

& Kuhl, P. K. (2015). They focused on the effects of long-term musical experience on lexical tone categories. The authors of this research “first examine whether musicians’ perception of lexical tones is similar to non-musicians when neither group had prior experience with tonal languages” (p.1458). Similarly, research proposal will classify participants into musicians and non-musicians, but its goal has to do with the phonological discrimination of them, and not with lexical tone categories. Moreover, studies carried out by Alexander et al., 2005 and Gottfried, 2007(as cited in Cooper, A. & Wang, Y. 2012) stated that “musical experience can also be beneficial at a higher linguistic level, namely tone word identification, whereby listeners are not asked to simply identify individual phonemes, but to situate those phonemic contrasts at the word level in order to differentiate meaning” (p.4765). According to these authors, musical training can have positive effects on the identification and distinction of phonemes (sounds) in order to distinguish the meaning of words. However, this research proposal will not focus on the meaning of words, but solely on the discrimination of sounds because the participants could have no knowledge of English vocabulary. The importance of mentioning their work lies on the significant relationship they found between musical training and the contrast of sounds

Due to that, each investigator has his/her own responsibilities which need to be completed during the week; thus, the development of the study will be limited to those hours in which the investigators can meet.
Another important aspect that could limit our investigation is university professors because some of them could not allow their students to take the questionnaires or tests. Consequently, in order to apply the instruments, more time or many different workdays could be needed. As the professors, some university students feel some rejection towards collaborating on investigations. In fact, they could even feel attacked or confused when they are subjected to tests or questionnaires, especially if they are related to the English language. Finally, the necessary place and equipment the investigators will need could be a limitation as well. The place investigators will need in order to develop the auditory test must be quiet due to fact that the participants have to listen to some audios. Moreover, the developers will need technological equipment to play the audios and they could not work