Nanotechnology In Scientific Research

Although nanoscience and nanotechnology is a relatively recent developing trend and showing widespread activities in scientific research, they have their roots in the idea of some leading scientists of the last century. Among them, in 1959, Richard Feynman, the American physicist assertively delivered legendary talk entitled “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” which make others inspired to bring new revelations in the field of nanotechnology. The process which enables the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules by using proper tools and techniques resulting into another proportionally smaller set on desired scale had been described by Feynman [1-2]. The term “nanotechnology” was originally coined by the Japanese scientist, Norio

The word ‘Nano’ originates from the Greek word ‘Nanos’, which means dwarf or extremely small. Nanotechnology and nanoscience are defined by various means which are often interchangeable. Nanotechnology could be defined as, “The science involving designing, synthesis, characterization, and application of materials which are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range where one nanometer is equal to reciprocal of ten raise to nine meter”. It is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale which covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In nanotechnology two types of perspectives named as, bottom-up and top-down are used. With the view of “bottom-up” approach, molecular components assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition, which leads to building of materials and devices. While in the “top-down” perspective, objects at nano scale are constructed from larger objects disregarding atomic-level control. Nanotechnology includes the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales, which ranges from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions. It also concerns with the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems

Any high tech application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use can be encircled under science of biotech. In the field of biotechnology the most efficient methods and techniques are studied, developed, and applied to get useful end-products for the human society by using viable micro-organisms, cells, and tissues of plants or animals, or even certain functional components of their organisms. The wide concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes. New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in research, agriculture, industry, and the clinic. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. Biotechnology also has impact on the pure biological sciences such as cell biology, molecular biology, microbiology, embryology, genetics, biochemistry, and animal cell culture