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The Newcastle Disease Study

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The first recognized occurrence of the Newcastle disease (ND) is Java, Indonesia (Kraneveld, 1926): generated in poultry in 1926 followed by Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (Doyle, 1927) and then to be called in. However, there are some previous reports of similar illness in Central Europe before this date. (Hallas, 1912). Specifically, (1956) McPherson, attributed the death of all the chickens in the West Islands of Scotland due to Newcastle disease in 1896. This, ND might be that it did not occur in poultry before 1926 but the particular time of its recognition as a lethal poultry disease of viral origin dates from its outbreak in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The name New Castle was coined by Doyle as a temporary measure. (Doyle, 1935). Later other …show more content…

In order to compare the adjuvant activity of compound mucosal immune adjuvant (cMIA), two novel compound adjuvants (cMIA I and cMIA II) were prepared and mixed with Newcastle-disease (ND) vaccine. The humoral and cellular immune responses were determined by means of hemagglutination inhibition test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemical examination and histological examination. The results showed that two compound adjuvants could promote CD3+ T lymphocytes, IgA secreting cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) and Mast cells formation and enhance serum and content antibody titer. The best adjuvant activity of cMIA II in promoting cellular immunity and cMIA I in enhancing humoral immunity occurred in whole immune period. Based on good synergistic effects of their components, two cMIAs would be expected as new-type mucosal immune adjuvants for mucosal immune. NDV chitosan microsphere vaccine was prepared using chitosan as capsule wall material and NDV as core material. Its safety and potency was then evaluated. The results show that NDV chitosan microsphere vaccine was safe, could induce humoral and cell-mediated immune response and mucosal immunity strongly. The results of the potency tests confirmed that the vaccine could produce good protective effect. (Zhai et al,

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