The structure of intertebral disc is complex. Nucleus pulposus has a well organized matrix which is laid down by relatively few cells. Nucleus pulposus is a gelatinous structure present in the centre and is contained in the periphery by annulus which is collagenous and cartilaginous, and two cartilaginous endplates cephalad and caudad. Collagen fibers from annulus continue and attach to the surrounding tissues, tying into the vertebral body along its rim, cartilaginous endplates superiorly and inferiorly and anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. Bony endplate and cartilaginous endplates were connected by calcified cartilage. At birth, the disc has a direct blood supply in the annulus and endplates which disappears by the age of 1 year and from then on the disc …show more content…
Nomenclature of intervertebral disc is such that it takes the name of the vertebra cephalad to it. The disc between L4 and 5 will be called L4 disc.
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is present at the level of the intervertebral foramina and it is in the confines of the foramina. Three branches arise distal to the DRG- Ventral ramus, Dorsal ramus and sinuvertebral nerve. The ventral ramus is the most prominent and most important branch and it supplies the structures ventral to the neural canal. Second branch is the sinuvertebral nerve is a small branch arising from the ventral ramus traverses medially over the posterior aspect of the disc, vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament and supplies these structures. Third branch, the dorsal ramus courses dorsally and pierces the intertransverse ligament near the pars interarticularis and divides into 3 branches which supply the structures dorsal to the neural canal. The lateral and intermediate branches supply the posterior musculature and skin while the medial branch divides into 3 branches and supplies the facet joints at and the adjacent
Head and Neck Case Study Allison Quelch 1. What is the name of the foramen at the lower end of the canal, through which the nerve emerges from the skull? The name of the foramen at the lower end of the canal, through which the nerve emerges from the skull is the Stylomastoid foramen. a. Is this also the site of entrance of an artery that supplies the facial nerve within the canal?
The ganglia of neighboring segments are linked by connectives, while the hemi-ganglia are connected by commissures. Overall, the structure of this nervous system appears as a ladder-like chain consisting of a brain, two connectives, and a ventral nerve cord. Because lobsters lack a cerebral cortex, they rely on this complex nervous system to translate pain impulses into the sensation of pain
This study examined the differences in articular surface morphology of caudal vertebrae between prehensile and non-prehensile tailed primates. Articular surface is skeletal surface, which includes bone and cartilage, that makes contact with other skeletal surface as part of a joint. Variation in the morphology of articular surface can confer a greater capacity for mechanical loading, which is required for prehensile primates as they often use their tails to suspend their entire weight during locomotion. In this experiment, it was hypothesized that articular surface area and curvature in caudal vertebrae could be used to distinguish between prehensile and non-prehensile tails. The results showed that articular surfaces found in both proximal and distal regions were greater in prehensile tailed primates, in comparison to primates that were non-prehensile tailed.
Chapter six welcomes us into the skeletal system by presenting functions,types,structure, and development of bones. We are also presented the ideas of fractures and even the spine- curling snap of a broken bone which means a band aid simply won 't do! For example, Hematoma formation , Fibrocartilaginous callus, Bony callus ,and Remolding must occur to heal ,aka 3-10 weeks in a signature infested cast ,and if the break eventuated* on your arm, a complementary farmer 's tan. The Axial Skeleton makes an appearance by explaining itself as lying in the middle of the body and consisting of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and middle ear bones. The complexity, physiology and delicate fashions of each member of this group is expressed.
Cervical 42. Back (dorsal) 43. Scapular- Shoulder blade 44. Vertebral- Spine 45. Lumbar- Flank 46.
Modic type II endplate degenerative change is seen along the apposing endplates of L5-S1. Schnorl's node is noted at T12.There is a hemangioma at L1 down to L5. At L2-L3 and L3-L4 levels, there are broad-based disc protrusions abutting the thecaI sac, causing narrowing of the bilateral lateral recess and bilateral neural foramen that contact the bilateral L2-3 exiting nerve
Injuries and growths in the high cervical region of the spine, including the C2, have limited or no movement from the neck down, though a person
It is part of the incommon surface. It is almost perpendicular to the dorsal surface. The basitarsi are of the same length as the associated tibiae, and the hind pair of basitarsus is
In this project, our aim was to capture spindle orientation in invaginating tooth placodes, and to determine whether the orientation of the spindles correlates with the stratification of the tissue. Therefore, this will help to determine whether the mechanism of delamination is driven by oriented cell division. Animal husbandry and embryo isolation were carried out following procedure under the UK Home Office Animal Act 1986. CD1 wild type mice were used, and embryos were collected at E11.5. Pregnant mice were killed by cervical dislocation, and the uteri dissected using No.5 forceps and placed in culture medium, consisting of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and Penicillin streptomycin.
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the two main components of the nervous system. The central nervous system are made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. There are three types of nerves sensory, inter, and motor nerves. The brain is the “Boss” of an Organism 's body everything is sent to the brain. The nerves are the “workers/messengers” they send the messages to the brain to make sure that everything is ok with it.
The sensory nuclei of V, VIII, IX, and X cranial nerves are form by the neurons of alar plate. The choroid plexus is formed as result of vagination
There is still no categorical answer as to why humans, and no other species, have speech, or why speech is the way it is. Several purely anatomical arguments have been put forward, but they have been shown to be false, biologically implausible, or of limited scope. This perspective paper supports the idea that evolutionary theories of speech could benefit from a focus on the cognitive mechanisms that make speech possible, for which antecedents in evolutionary history and brain correlates can be found. This type of approach is part of a very recent but rapidly growing trend that has already provided crucial insights on the nature of human speech by focusing on the biological bases of vocal learning. Here we contend that a general mechanism of attention, which manifests itself not only in the visual but also in the auditory
Intervertebral Disc Disease Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a congenital disease meaning it is present at birth. IVDD is a trauma to the spinal cord that is caused from the hardening of the discs, the discs loose moisture and harden, which no longer cushion the vertebrae along the spine. When the disc weakens to a certain degree it herniates. It can be difficult to pin point the beginning of symptoms. Some dogs only have one episode in their life time.
The current study investigated the effectiveness of vestibular stimulation from selected head positions on fine motor skills and pinch strength in children with hemiparesis. It has been demonstrated that children with a unilateral motor disability, such as hemiplegic CP, may have difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as writing or cutting with scissors. Activities requiring bilateral manipulation are the most difficult to perform [19]. Selection of vestibular stimulation from prone position in this study comes in agreement with Umphred et al. [20] who reported that each position (side lying, prone or sitting) affect the static position of the vestibular system differently and may differently affect the muscle tone and hence affect the power and range of motion.
Our spine is one of the delicate organ of nervous system, as it protects the central nervous system of human body, as well as the main support for the body to stay upright. It comprises of small bones placed one over the other which provides flexibility for movement. The upper part of spine is terminated in the skull. This region where the spine is attached to the skull is called the cervical region or neck. Pain in the neck or cervical pain is one of the diseases that are found very often in the entire world.