Organic Chemistry Experiment 3: Chromic Acid Oxidation Reaction

We were given that a good solvent for recrystalizing trimyristin was acetone. Acetone was heated on a steam bath and added to the crude trimyristin to completely dissolve it. The solution was immediately cooled so that the trimyristin crystals formed in a mother liquor of impurities. The crystals vacuum filtered through a Büchner funnel and rinsed with ice cold acetone so only the impurities dissolved and pure crystals were left in the funnel. To finish, we dried the pure trimyristin crystals using a high vacuum pump, and 0.1470g remained with a 3.674% recovery from nutmeg, and a 15.186% recovery from crude

However, this method has been modified suitably under controlled conditionsand has become an industrial tool for partial separation of fatty acids. Temperature-controlled crystallization has been used inthe industry to separate the oleic acid rich fraction from amixture of oleic and linoleic acids. The main disadvantage of this process is poor separation, as the separation is only based on the solidification point, resulting in the contamination of each fraction of the acids with high levels of other acid

Moreover, it acts as dehydrating agent, forcing the equilibrium to the products and lead to a greater yield of ester. After the addition of trace amount of concentrated sulfuric acid, the reactant flask is heated so that the reaction can be speeded up and ester can be obtained faster. The reason of adding concentrated drops-by-drops into the reactant flask and swirl the flask while adding the acid is to prevent any part of the mixture getting too hot and reacting to form unwanted darkly coloured by-product. Before the heating of the liquid, boiling chips is added inside the reactant flask to allow a nucleation site for gradual boiling and avoid a sudden boiling surge where may cause the liquids inside the reactant flask to overflow or spill out as it has

This happens because sugar is a carbohydrate, therefore if you remove the water, the end product, carbon will be left behind. The sulfuric acid as stated above is the one that dehydrates the sugar getting rid

The goal of the experiment is to synthesize a bromohexane compound from 1-hexene and HBr(aq) under reflux conditions and use the silver nitrate and sodium iodide tests to determine if the product is a primary or secondary hydrocarbon. The heterogeneous reaction mixture contains 1-hexene, 48% HBr(aq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide and was heated to under reflux conditions. Heating under reflux means that the reaction mixture is heated at its boiling point so that the reaction can proceed at a faster rate. The attached reflux condenser allows volatile substances to return to the reaction flask so that no material is lost. Since alkenes are immiscible with concentrated HBr, tetrabutylammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst.

The ester studied was “3,” the acid used was 9.5 mL of “B,” and the alcohol used was 18.1 mL of “C.” A few substances were added to augment the production of the ester. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was added using a dropper bottle to catalyze the reaction. The desiccant in this reaction was drierite and was used to absorb the water byproduct. This prevented the ester from breaking apart into its constituents. The cold finger condenser was used to trap evaporated gas from the heated mixture, and condense it back into

In this experiment, racemic 2-methylcyclohexanone was reduced using sodium borohydride as a nucleophile to give a diastereomeric mixture of cis and trans secondary alcohols. The products were analyzed for purity using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. 1.2 g of 2-methylcyclohexanone and 10 mL of methanol were combined in a flask and cooled in an ice bath. Two 100 mg portions of sodium borohydride were added to the flask and stirred. 5 mL of 3M sodium hydroxide, 5 mL of de-ionized water, and 15 mL of hexane were added to the reaction flask and stirred.

Hexavalent chromium may be reduced naturally in the environment to the less harmful trivalent chromium. Trivalent chromium is also mostly insoluble, while hexavalent chromium is very soluble allowing for this toxic substance to flow easily as a contaminant

Week 1 a simple condensation reaction between benzaldeyde and hydroxylamine produced the product benzaldehyde oxime that was found to be in oil. The percentage yield of the experiment is 64%. The 36% loss can be due to the solution needing to be neutralised with glacial acid, there was no way to tell if the reaction was neutralised, to help increase yield the use of pH indictor paper to indicate whether the reaction was neutralised. As by using a rotary evaporator to remove the organic solvent may have caused small amounts of the product to evaporate off as it a low melting point solid, if the water bath temperature was too high would have caused to melt and evaporate off. As melting point was not measured was unable to tell whether the product is pure.

This is due to the boiling points of the two compounds are too close for an effective simple distillation. A simple distillation only works when the boiling points of the two compounds are separated by at least 50 °C (CITATION). Meanwhile, the boiling points of the compounds of the mixtures are 82.3 °C for 2-pronanol and 117 °C for 1-butanol (National Center for Biotechnology Information). As well, while fractional distillation is more difficult due to the added fractionating column and insulation, it allows for better separation and condensation of the individual compounds. This ensures that only the compound with the lower boiling point is completely condensed before the compound with the higher boiling point begins to condense.