Organic Synthetic Flocculants are developed to increase the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation process. Commercial organic flocculants are mostly linear water soluble polymers which are based on repeating units of various monomers such as acryl amide and acrylic acid. Commonly used polymeric flocculants include polyacrylamide, polyacrylicacid, poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (DADMAC), polyamine and others. Generally, the synthetic polymers are classified into four forms: cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged), amphoteric (contains both cationic and anionic groups) and non-ionic (close to neutral). The effectiveness of the flocculation was normally measured based on the reduction of turbidity, TSS, …show more content…
Requirements of bridging flocculants are that they be strongly adsorbed onto the particles, and that they are capable of spanning the gap between the particles. Synthetic polymers of high molecular weight are long enough for one end to adsorb onto one particle and the other end onto a second particle. Higher molecular weight polymers will adsorb on several particles at once, forming a three-dimensional matrix [17].
Polyacrylamide itself is essentially non-ionic and the ionic character is varied by copolymerization with other monomers. Anionic polyacrylamide may be prepared by copolymerization of acrylic acid with acryl amide, or by partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide. Fig. 2.5. Synthetic Bridging Mechanism of Flocculant
Most bridging flocculants therefore, carry either a positive (cationic) or a negative (anionic) charge. For bridging the polymer must be strongly adsorbed, and adsorption can be promoted by chemical groups having good adsorption characteristics, e.g. amide groups. The mechanism of flocculation can be studied in two
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This is usually practiced in preparing inorganic–organic hybrid materials through physical blending at ambient temperature or elevated temperature [18, 19].
2.5.1.2 Chemically-Bound-Hybridized Materials
Chemically-bound hybridized materials contain special combination and mixture of atoms and molecules at molecular level. There are some hybrid materials with excellent properties and performance due to some particular chemical-bonds at the interface between the component materials. Such materials are produced under hybridization through chemical modification where a new chemical group is introduced into the molecular chain of materials to produce new chemically-hybridized materials
2.5.1.3 Functionally-Hybridized Materials
Functionally hybridized materials as the materials that have harmonizing function and utilization of interface functions, which results in new functions or super functions. As such, structurally-hybridized materials and chemically-bound-hybridized materials which combine the functions or utilize the interface functions of the component materials can be considered as functionally-hybridized material
The apparatus for the addition reaction under reflux was assembled. Magnesium (1 g) was weighted on a paper, and a few pieces of magnesium were crushed in order to activate the metal surface. Then, the round bottom flask was lowered away from the condenser, and the magnesium was added to it. After that, 10 ml of anhydrous diethyl ether was added in a round bottom flask by using the syringe, and the reaction flask was heated using a heating mantle to maximize the formation of the Grignard reagent. After 10 minutes of heating the mixture, the mixture changed color from clear to yellowish, and it turned completely Reddish brown after 12 minutes.
Next, about 10 mL of both solutions, Red 40 and Blue 1, were added to a small beaker. The concentration of the stock solution were recorded, 52.1 ppm for Red 40 and 16.6 ppm for Blue 1. Then, using the volumetric pipette, 5 mL of each solution was transferred into a 10 mL volumetric flask, labelled either R1 or B1. Deionized water was added into the flask using a pipette until the solution level reached a line which indicated 10 mL. A cap for the flask was inserted and the flask was invented a few times to completely mix the solution. Then, the volumetric pipette was rinsed with fresh deionized water and
The reaction was repeated 3 times and average rate noted. From these rates a graph was plotted which describes the relationship of the pressure produced and number of drops added. The reaction rates were measured by Kpa/min and were written to 4 figures for precise results. Time was measured by stop watch. Table 4 shows a summary of all the groups which participated in the lab session.
Using the pipette, 25 mL of the distilled water from the Erlenmeyer flask was filled and dispensed in the beaker. The mass of the beaker containing the water was measured and recorded. In addition, the volume of the water transferred was calculated using the mass and density from the Density of Water table. Finally, the difference between the observed and calculated volumes of water was
Objective Bio160 Lab 5: Enzyme Activity May 7, 2015 The objective of this experiment was to note the effect of temperature effects on enzyme rates of reaction. Enzymes are macromolecules that make up significant portions of living organisms. They are made up of repeating subunits of monomers that are referred to as polymers.
The solution was stirred and once the solid settled the liquid was poured into a waste beaker to leave just the solid in the beaker. When reaction 3 was completed the observations from the reaction were recorded in Table
There are many properties of this matter that can be tested in various different ways. Physical property can be observed and measured without changing the material’s composition. On the other hand, chemical property can only be observed by changing the composition of the material. The chemical and physical properties were inserted in a table, given by
It was predicted that toluene and hexane were the best solvent to elute a nonpolar mixture. Since the stationary phase is a silica gel that is polar, the solvent has to be nonpolar in order avoid the like to like interaction. Toluene and hexane were selected for being nonpolar, which is capable of moving
I suggest that materials which are intelligently combined together are types of manmade machinery that comes from an intelligent design, (Evans and Manis, p.
However, after refluxing for a while, yellow precipitates begin to form near the top of the flask. It was assumed that the remaining starting material was concentrated from a decrease volume to reappeared in solution. Nevertheless, this may have been a sign of contamination that will negatively affect the entire reaction. This observation later resulted in a yellowish
POLYMETHACRYLATES [68] Description: These are film coatings and matrix structures. They are synthetic anionic and cationic polymers of Dimethyl Amino Ethyl Methacrylates (DAEM), Methacrylic ratios. Solubility: Soluble in Methanol, in aqueous isopropyl alcohol, Ethanol, Acetone as well as in 1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and insoluble in Methylene Chloride, Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate. Stability and Storage conditions: Stable when stored at room temperature and dispersions are stable up to 1 year after manufacturing and stored at room temperature (RT) in tight containers.
The astronaut will then unclamp clamp B on A=2 mixing the fixate with the dirty water and aluminum sulfate (DETAILS SOON) ("Flocculation: Making Clean
Properties of Substances Express Lab 1)The purpose of this lab was to compare the physical properties of different types of solids and how the properties of solids are determined by their intermolecular forces and their intramolecular bonds. Then we were to classify each type of solid as either ionic, metallic, non-polar molecular, polar molecular, or network. Paraffin wax classified as a non-polar molecular, Silicon dioxide was classifies as a network, Sodium chloride was classified as ionic, Sucrose was classified as polar molecular and Tin was classified as metallic. (2)The intermolecular forces that are present in Paraffin wax are dispersion forces, because it is non-polar and carries a negative charge. Followed by Sucrose that has
In a fashion similar to the H2O2, the cyclohexene was added to the reaction flask in a dropwise