Osteoarthritit1 Task 8.3

The Achilles tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The two-calf muscles that attaches to the heel bone are the gastrocnemius and soleus. The Achilles tendon lower part of the calf that attaches to the calcaneus. The Achilles tendon allows to stand, run, or jump while being on our toes. While doing any movement the calf muscles flex and pull on the heel.

Elbow Injuries Tennis Elbow: This injury is called tennis elbow due to the problem being significant for tennis players. Tennis Elbow is caused by the overuse of the arm, forearm and hand muscles. The abrupt or subtle injury off the muscle or tendon area around the outside of the elbow, is a major contributor to the pain that people who have tennis elbow receives. The area where the muscles and tendons of the forearm attaches to the outside of the bony area (lateral epicondyle) is where it is affected. Tennis players mostly receives this injury on their dominant arm but it can occur or either arm.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease Osgood-Schlatter disease is an inflammation of the area below your kneecap called the tibial tubercle. There is pain and tenderness in this area because of the inflammation. It is most often seen in children and adolescents during the time of growth spurts. The muscles and cord-like structures that attach muscle to bone (tendons) tighten as the bones are becoming longer. This puts more strain on areas of tendon attachment.

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues composed of mostly of parallel arrays of collagen fiber bundles that densely packed together. Tendon usually connects muscle to bone, functioning simply to transmit forces and withstand tension during the contraction of muscles. A rupture and laceration of the tendon is more often the result of tensile force beyond what the tissue can stretch. Annually, there are 16.4 million musculoskeletal injuries in the United States which involve tendon and ligament injuries. It was evaluated that 200,000 ACL tears happen every year in the United States with 100,000 ACL reconstructive surgeries performed annually.

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury of the Thumb A ligament is a strong band of tissue that connects and supports bones. Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury happens when the UCL at the base of the thumb is stretched or torn. A tear can be either partial or complete. The severity of the injury depends on how much of the ligament was damaged or torn.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries in sports . Seventy five percent of these injury cause is an inversion trauma1.Acute Ankle trauma is responsible for 10-30 percent of sports common in young athletes 2, Predominantly in athletes participating in running and jumping sports 3. The acute injury consists of damage to the lateral ligament and results in pain, swelling, and limitation of movement 4. The inability to dorsiflex is thought to be indicative of a severe ankle sprain injury5 and is often a complication of these injuries on follow-up6. Restriction of dorsiflexion would normally be expected gait limit and other functional activities.

Chronic pain is one of the common reasons for medical consultation. It is of complex natural history, unclear etiology and poor response to treatment. It causes significant morbidity, suffering, disability and over utilization of health care systems. CPS is a poorly defined condition. Most authors consider ongoing pain lasting longer than 6 months as diagnostic, and others have used 3 months as the minimum criterion.

Musculoskeletal pain continue to be substantial setback for public health thus, studies on musculoskeletal symptoms due to schoolbag use have been a subject of interest by many researchers. Musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) can be described as tension, fatigue, soreness, heat or tremor (Van der Grinten and Smitt, 1992), feeling of effort, pressure in muscles, cramps, stiffness, ache, tingling/numbness, etc in muscles or non-muscular tissue (Reenen et al, 2008). Long term MSD or pain may lead to potential chronic pain, injury and stress. These negativities are associated with student’s absenteeism from lessons, low productivity and affects students’ well being and future careers (Alshagga, 2013; Buckle, 2005).

Tennis Injuries There are various types of injuries that occur in tennis. Tennis is a sport that consists of multiple motions including starting, stopping, sprinting, and motions that compress the spine such as the serve. Because the entire body is active in this sport, almost all of the body is susceptible to injury. The regions that will be mentioned in the following section are the upper extremities, the lower extremities, and the trunk region.

A variety of shoulder disorders are associated with the acromin. (GILL, MCIRVIN, KOCHER et al., 2002; TUCKER and SNYDER, 2004; HAMID, OMID, YAMAGUCHI et al., 2012) and its morphology is an important tool in pathology diagnosis. The shoulder is a complex joint that allows movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotations. (Describe the anatomy of the joint- refer last, Grays anatomy) Variations in the architecture of the acromium is the primary etiologic factor in impingement syndrome’s pathogenesis, leading to potential rotator cuff disease.