Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) Protein D, Diphtheria or Tetanus Toxoid Conjugates) in Prevention of Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Cohort Study
Trixy G. Chu, M.D.
Department of Pediatrics
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Daniel Rafael R. Cachola III, M.D
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
University of Santo Tomas
Mary Agnes S. Regal, M.D., DPPS
Department of Pediatrics
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Agnes Cecille G. Llamas, M.D., DPPS
Department of Pediatrics
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Norberto V. Martinez, M.D., FPSOHNS
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
University of Santo Tomas
Wilfredo R. Santos, M.D., DPPS
Department of Pediatrics
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In developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) attributes 51,000 deaths per year, in children under five years old, to otitis media. In Philippine General Hospital (PGH), acute otitis media constitutes 0.9% of ENT-OPD consults. (Magiba-Caro, et al., 2006). By three years of age, 75–80% of children will have had at least one episode, with the peak incidence occurring before the age of two years. (Grevers, 2010). Acute otitis media (AOM) is clinically defined as an inflammation of the middle ear with rapid onset of signs and symptoms of less than 3 weeks duration. (Magiba-Caro, et al., 2006) Most cases of AOM resolve spontaneously in less than 3 or 4 weeks, but a selected population will develop recurrent and severe disease. (Brouwer, et al., …show more content…
influenza NTHi became the most common pathogen for a period of time, but an increase in non-PCV-7 S. pneumonia was also noted. The distribution of pathogenic S. pneumoniae serotypes differs between countries and compared with the United States. PCV-7 offers reduced coverage in Europe, Africa, Latin America, and Asia, where nonvaccine pathogenic serotypes are more prevalent. In a study by Parra, et. al., among bacterial etiology for AOM, 64% of samples were culture positive for bacterial pathogens. H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were the leading causes of bacterial AOM, detected in 34% and 29% of AOM episodes, respectively. The most commonly isolated S. pneumoniae serotypes were 19A, 19F and 23F. All H. influenzae isolates were identified as non-typeable. They found more H. influenzae than S. pneumoniae among otorrhea samples. They also documented more H. influenzae than S. pneumoniae in episodes among children less than 24 months of age. (Parraa, et al., 2011). Based on epidemiologic data from the Health Protection Agency (HPA), 35.9% of AOM cases were assumed to have been attributable to S. pneumoniae and 32.3% to NTHi. PHiD-CV is a 10-valent conjugate vaccine that includes an additional 3 serotypes (1, 5, and 7F) and uses a carrier protein derived from nontypable H influenzae (NTHi) for 8 of the 10 serotypes included. By virtue of using protein D from NTHi as a carrier protein, PHiD-CV may offer additional
Inpatient Outpatient Visitors Hospital workers Cleaners 6. Which of the following can spread the infectious organism Coughing
According to Ron Dagan, acute otitis media (middle ear infection) are most common in kids 3 months old to 3 years old. (Dagan p. 1). In Clinical Bacteriology of Recurrent Otitis Media with Effusion, it states, “antibiotic resistance has increased due to indiscriminate overuse and misuse of antibiotics.” The overuse of an antibiotic and/or using the wrong antibiotic to treat the sickness has made bacteria more resistant to the antibiotics. Later on in the passage, Dagan adds, “we collected nine hundred middle ear fluid samples for six hundred fifty four pediatric patients who underwent ventilation tube insertion due to OME…”
2015). In Australia between nine and 12 children per 10,000 births will be born with a moderate or greater hearing loss in both ears and a further 23 children per 10,000 will acquire a hearing impairment that will require hearing aids by the age of 17 (Australian Hearing 2013). Within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities it is estimated that 30-80% of indigenous children will suffer from some form of hearing loss. Ear disease and hearing impairments is a significant problem in developing countries and among many of the indigenous populations, especially in Australia (Burrow et al. 2009). Although middle ear disease or Otitis Media (OM), an inflammation of the middle ear, typically leads to conductive hearing loss there are rare cases leading to high frequency sensorineural hearing loss after repeated exposure (Burrow et al. 2009; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASLHA]
It may occur due to physical trauma, an ear infection, or negative
Children under the age of two and older adults who have weak immune systems are at the most risk. Pneumococcal meningitis is harmful and can cause severe brain damage or ca even cause someone to go deaf. Meningococcal meningitis is the second most common form of meningitis and it is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides. People at risk for this disease include infants under the age of one, people who travel to foreign countries, freshmen in college who live in the dorms and people with suppressed immune systems. Between 10 and 15 percent of the cases are fatal and 10 to 15 percent up end with brain
In the paediatric ward in hospitals infection control and prevention is very important. Service users in hospital are much more prone to infections and diseases as they are already unwell therefore extra precautions are always taken. This includes service providers ensuring that their vaccinations are up to date, working in a
It allows your body to learn what they should fight against. However, the vaccine effects will not make you sick, since it’s not an alive germ. As the disease enters the body, it alarms the your defense system and starts to create antibodies to kill the germ. The vaccine strengthens your immune system, so a disease will never infect you even if you come in contact with someone who has one. Having a strong immune system is a crucial part to ensure your children are
Sporadically, this can become serious and progress into pneumonia. A bacterial infection can be treated by a round of antibiotics but can occasionally become life-threatening, particularly in the frail and elderly. However, because some bacterial infections can produce signs and symptoms similar to influenza, bacterial infections should be considered and appropriately treated, if suspected.
Prescriptive Case Study One Liam Wilson is a healthy, vaccinated, 19-month-old boy with a prior history of acute otitis media (AOM) at 11 months. Liam’s treatment with amoxicillin HD for his first AOM was successful, but after the eighth dose, a rash appeared on his trunk and extremities, but had no evidence of anaphylaxis. At his visit today, Liam’s mother reports crying and tugging of the right ear for two days, along with decreased appetite, decreased playfulness, and difficulty sleeping for three days. She also noticed that Liam felt very warm to the touch, but she does not have a thermometer at home for monitoring.
Vaccinations have proved to be more effective than ineffective, therefore it is beneficial to get them. Vaccinations are important in keeping children and the people around them safe and healthy. “In order to provide the best protection against diseases, it is recommended that infants and children receive
Whooping cough is another disease that can be prevented by vaccines. If children do not get vaccinated for whooping cough, then they can easily get it from day cares and other children who aren’t vaccinated. The symptoms can include, severe coughing and a fever. The disease can also spread to older family members who never go the vaccine either, so if the child gets vaccinated it could save the child’s life and also the family’s. We should not let deadly diseases like these come back and destroy children’s and their family 's
Introduction & Purpose Influenza is a serious medical condition. To some, the flu may just mean a few days home in bed, while to others it means being hospitalized for days. To a few, the flu or flu-related conditions means death. The annual rate of deaths due to flu or flu-related conditions is between 3,000 and 49,000 per year. 200,000 people per year are hospitalized for conditions related to seasonal flu.
On the other hand an influenza vaccine during all trimesters is safe and effective. This is recommended by professional organizations like American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Even with these recommendations the U.S. vaccination rates still remain low for suck a high-risk population. Pregnancy can cause decreased lung capacity, increased stroke volume, heart rate and immune response changes which increase the risk of being infected with influenza. The disease has been known to increase the risk of neonatal intensive care unit admission, stillbirth, and preterm birth.
Vaccinations in children help prevent viruses and bacteria more than causing them. First off, what exactly is a vaccination? According to an article from familydoctor.org it states, “Vaccines contain weakened versions of a virus or versions that look like a virus (called antigens). This means the antigens cannot produce the
Our Search To The Discovery of the H.I.V Vaccine and The Safest and Effective Solution to Execute Nathan Mousa Saddleback College Abstract This research paper will explore the past attempts of developing a safe and efficient vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V) illustrating the failures of the multiple methods including STEP study, Antibodies, and T-Cells. However the paper will explain what was to be learned from each trial and how it improved future methods.