In 10 g dried sediment sample added 7 ml 0.2 M NH4Cl solution. A mixture of 100 ml hexane: acetone (1:1) was used as a solvent to extract pesticides with overnight shaking for 12 h on reciprocal or wrist action shaker at 180 rpm. The extract was carefully decanted through activated florisil column (2-3 cm), giving twice wash with25 ml hexane: acetone (1:1) to the sediments. The elute was then washed with 200 ml water and then again aqueous layer was extracted with 50 ml hexane. Finally the hexane layer was washed with 100 ml water and then evaporated to dryness with a vacuum rotary evaporator.
2.3. Synthesis of 2-(2-(Morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide (4) To a solution of compound 3 (0.01 M, 2.89 g) in methanol (60 mL), 99% hydrazine hydrate (1 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid thus obtained was filtered, washed with cold water and recrystallized with ethanol to obtain the compound 4. 2.4. General procedure for synthesis of 1-{(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (5a-r) An equimolar mixture of compound 4 (0.001 M) and substituted carboxylic acid in phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) was refluxed for 8–12 h. Then reaction mixture was cooled, poured into ice-cold water and neutralized with 20% w/v NaHCO3 solution.
1) Fig 1: Extract from seeds of Myristica fragrans Phytochemical screening of Myristica fragrans extract The ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans showed positive results for flavonoids and tannins and negative results for carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins and alkaloids. Identification of Myristicin in the plant extract Four spots were obtained by TLC and Rf values were calculated to obtain 0.7, 0.53, 0.38, 0.25 from which 0.7 determines the reference value Rf of Myristicin (Fig. 2) Fig. 2: TLC of Myristica fragrans extract in Toluene: Ethyl acetate (93:7). Formulated topical Gel The Myristica fragrans gel was prepared using three different concentration of Carbapol 934 and were further subjected to evaluation of various parameters (Fig.
CH3 175 83.06% 287-289ºC 4. -OCH3 191 86.03% 275-277ºC 5. 204 78.78% 295ºC Step-3 Synthesis of 2-Methyl benzoxazin -4(3H)-one53 (4) Anthranilic acid (0.1M, 18g) was taken in acetic anhydride and refluxed under anhydrous conditions for 4 hrs. Excess of acetic anhydride was then distilled off under reduced pressure. Obtained product was immediately used for next step.
Experimental Methods: 1. SYNTHESIS OF 4-BENZOYL BUTYRIC ACID METHYL ESTER Materials required * 5 oxopentanoic acid : 2 gm (Aldrich) * Methanol : 50 ml * Acetic Acid (Rankem) Procedure: * 2 grams of 5 oxopentanoic acid was weighed and placed in a round bottom flask and then to it 50 ml of methanol was added. It was placed on a hot plate and the temperature was increased to 50 degrees under ambient air conditions. * To the RB, 2 ml of acetic acid was added and then by attaching a condenser the entire reaction was put on refluxing at 70 degrees Celsius in an oil bath. * For work up: * The reaction media was concentrated till about 10 ml and then dry silica gel was added.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of hexane extract revealed the presence of steroids while ethyl ether and ethanol extracts showed presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Earlier studies proved that the polyphenolic compounds show anthelmintic activity (Niezen et al 1995) and some synthetic phenolic anthelmintics e.g. niclosamide, oxyclozanide and bithionol are shown to interfere with energy generation in helminth parasites by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation (Martin 1997). polyphenols from bryophytes were shown to have anthelmintic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Gamenara et al 2001). Another possible anthelmintic effect of tannins is that they can bind to free proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of host animal (Athnasiadou et al 2001) or glycoprotein on the cuticle of the parasite (Thompson et al 1995) and cause
The initial deposit of Hexythiazox in brinjal fruit were found in the range of 0.23 to 1.18 ug/g for recommended dose (T1) and 0.42 to 2.30 ug/g for double (T2) doses irrespective of location. Around 60% of initial residue was dissipated by 3rd day irrespective of dose and location. The residue of Hexythiazox was below the quantification level (0.03 ug/g) at 7th day for both doses. The dissipation pattern of Hexythiazox in brinjal followed first order kinetics for all locations. The T1/2 of Hexythiazox was calculated using Hoskins formula (Hoskins1961).
These results exceed those by Machtei et al in a study21 after 8 weeks when using repeated local application of FBP and CHX chips. The greater CAL gain in the present study might be associated with the greater intensity of the application of the chips which in turn results in higher local concentration of the drug that might be responsible for the greater effect. It has been demonstrated that PGE2 and TXB2 levels decreased and remained relatively constant from day 29 to day 50 with flurbiprofen administration in a study by Abramson et al.22 Similar results were confirmed by various authors20,21,23,24,25,26 where there were significant improvements in the values of CAL after administration of FBP and CHX chips. When the comparison was made between the groups, no statistically significant differences were seen in the values of PD and CAL at 1, 3 and 6 months in between the groups. This is in agreement with the study done by Machtei et
The mixture was heated at 110 ºC and for 7 h. The mixture was washed with the water and was dried by using anhydrous sodium sulphate [18]. Synthesis of oleyl 9,(12)-oleoyloxy-10,(13)-oleioxyoctadecanoate (OLOLOODT) (5) OLHYOODT 4 (2.5g; 0.003 mol), pyridine (1.66 g; 0.002 mol) and CCl4 (10 mL) were mixed and heated at 60 °C. OLC (16.2 g; 0.013 mol) was adding during 1 h, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for (5.5 h). The mixture was washed with the water and was dried by using anhydrous sodium sulphate [19]. Characterization FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR FTIR of the products was recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum GX spectrophotometer in the range 400-4000 cm-1.
The phytochemicals that are present in Long pepper (Piper longum) dried fruit extract are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Phytochemical Constituents Result Sterols (+) Triterpenes (++) Flavonoids (+) Alkaloids (++) Saponins (++) Glycosides (+) Tannins (++) The phytochemicals that are present in Long pepper (Piper longum) dried fruit extract. Legend: (-) Absence of constituents