Unit 4 P4 Research Paper

Gallant, Shiio, et. al., 1996 Myc and Max homologs in Drosophila. Science: 1523--1527 4. Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997 Morphogenesis of denticles and hairs in Drosophila embryos: involvement of actin-associated proteins that also affect adult structures. Cell Motility Cytoskel.

As mentioned previously, Muscle dystrophy is an inherited disease that causes weakness and loss of muscle mass. With this, the mutated genes affect the productions of the protein that is needed in order to form healthy tissue in one’s body. While there are many different forms of this disease, this is due to a genetic mutation. This can occur within the emerging embryo. The main symptom of this is the advanced weakness of the muscles.

2013. Anatomy and Physiology. S.I.: John Wiley; 197-224 p.

These cross bridge attachments form and break several times during a contraction, tension and propel the thin filaments toward the

The muscles play an essential part in resistance training and experience several changes.

Two alleles, one from each parent, creates the mutation that leads to an increase in speed. ACTN3 works with actin filaments to coordinate muscle contractions found in fast twitching muscles. There are two variants of the gene. The R variant and the X variant. You get one of each variant from your parents.

The AP travels along the sarcolemma and into the T-tubules where voltage sensors called Dihydropryridine (DHP) receptors cause Ca2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle cell cytoplasm. Sliding filament theory describes how myosin interacts with actin to contract the sarcomere. Ca2+ binds to the troponin of the thin actin filament, shifting the tropomyosin off of the myosin-binding sites. The myosin head then binds the actin and forms a cross-bridge. The myosin is also bound to ADP.

Satellite cells are the main donors for the formation of new myonuclei, which is important for muscle hypertrophy that occurs as a reaction to myogenic precursor cell formation, muscle development, muscle regeneration besides exercise, training and hormonal stimulants (Montarras et al., 2013). Nuclei of satellite cells exists under basal lamina. However, unlike real myonuclei they exist out of sarcolemma. Because of their location between sarcolemma and basal lamina, satellite cells can be detected either with electron microscope or marker proteins of sarcolemma and basal lamina. Transcription factors such

These fibres an explosive burst of power for a short period of time due to have a high level of myosin ATPase and a rapid rate of calcium release. Most suitable activities are max output activities; such as weightlifting.

Each muscles has their own functions. The muscles of the motor system example the motor unit, is composed of a motor neuron and a bunch of muscle fibers. To form a muscle, many motor units are assembled together, and each brings its own specific and distinct contribution. The selective

These two pathways result in the excitation of two different muscle fiber types that the extraocular muscles are composed of (Sadeh and Stern, 1984). These fibers are the fibrillary structure and plain structure muscle fibers. The fibrillary structure is under phasic innervation whereas the plain structures are under tonic innervation (Sadeh and Stern, 1984). Therefore, some muscles have finer control and are only called upon when needed while others are constantly excited. The innervation of these muscles result in 5 major eye

Muscles are essential for life. There are three types of muscles. Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Four key characteristics for muscles are excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. Excitability pertains to a muscles’ ability to respond to stimuli.

There are three types of muscle contraction. The first is when a muscle (a fiber, a motor unit, or the muscle as a whole) is activated, it attempts to shorten itself. It attempts to contract and exerts force. Whether the muscle actually becomes shorter depends on many factors. But the force is still being generated as long as the muscle is trying to contract.

Actin is the thin filament that encases, separately, the two ends of a thick myosin. The Myosin connects to the Actin through multiple symmetric ties to the outer actin. These act like rowers in a skull.

Smooth muscle is the muscle found in all hollow organs of the body except the heart, and is generally not under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle, the only type of muscle which does not experience fatigue, is the muscle found in the walls of the heart which continuously pumps blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle is the muscle attached to the skeleton which is the type of muscle that will be described here. The main function of skeletal muscle is to generate forces which move the skeletal bones in the body. Muscle is a long bundle of flesh which is attached to the bones at both ends by tendons.