Essay On Lubrication

There is a drop in kinetic energy, so the vapor pressure inside of the can becomes extremely low. The drop in pressure means the molecules hit the sides of the can with less force and hit the sides less frequently. This made it possible for the higher atmospheric pressure outside to crush the can. Describe what is happening to the molecules inside of the can during this process. How does that explain what happened to the can?

This will also reduce the skin factor and likewise, the cost disposal for cleaning processes of casings and pipes has also decline ( Ostroot, et al. 2007; Bennion D. B. , Thomas, Bietz & Bennion D. W. , 1998; Bennion, D. B., Lunan & Saponja, 1998; Mitchell, 2007; Akdeniz, 2012 ; Bennion D. B. & Thomas, 1994). On the other side of this discussion, overbalance drilling has a very high differential sticking rate occurring in the well. Differential sticking takes place when the drilling filtrate left the wellbore and forms an impermeable barrier or in its petroleum term, a cake.

Water is one of the most efficient quenching media where maximum hardness is required, but it is liable to cause distortion and cracking of the work piece. Where hardness can be sacrificed, whale, cotton seed and mineral oils are used. These tend to oxidize and form sludge with consequent lowering of efficiency. The quenching velocity of oil is much less than water. To minimize distortion, long cylindrical objects should be quenched vertically, flat sections edgeways and thick sections should enter the bath first.

However, the gel at lowest concentration cannot withstand wear tear and very fragile. Several variable influences the immobilization yield in alginate bead which are concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride and curing time. The shape of beads perfectly spherical is due to high viscosity at higher concentrations vice versa at lower concentrations. The droplet fall easier into the CaCl2 solution when at lower concentrations compared to the high concentrations of sodium

The Truth About Automation The Webster Dictionary defines automation as an automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labor. So on that note automation was created for many reasons. Some of them may include, it increases productivity because not only can employes no get hurt when they are not even there wich would obviously slow down productivity, also because robots can not get tired and need to stop they could also work a lot longer hours without needing to stop. Also It reduces costs, it improves safety, and finally it increases the quality of the product so those are a few of the many reasons that automation that was created in the first place.

In the alkali-catalyzed process, the presence of free fatty acid (greater than 1 mg/g KOH) and water in the oil can cause high amounts of undesirable soap formation, also consuming some quantity of alkaline catalyst and reduces the effectiveness, all of which result in a lower conversion. Therefore, for the feedstock with high free fatty acids, it is essential to have a pretreatment stage before subjecting it to transesterification process. [16] 1.2 Pretreatment Process for Waste Cooking Oil Pretreatment of waste cooking oil consists of physical treatment for removing the suspended solid contaminants and chemical treatment processes mainly for deacidification. A flow sheet giving the different approaches for pretreatment of waste cooking oil is shown in Figure 2. Issariyakul et al.

Pressure builds up behind the shock wave, compressing the air in the tube and slowing the rate at which it flows through the tube. Normal shock front The air passes through the tube slower than the speed the tube passes through the surrounding air. As a consequence, air

The only difference from normal phase is that the column now is modified in order to attach long hydrocarbon to it surface. When a polar solvent is used strong attractions between the polar solvent and polar molecules in mixture being passed through the silica. Polar molecules will spent most of the time moving with the solvent because there will not be as much as attraction between the hydrocarbon chains attached to silica and the polar molecules in the solution. About the non polar mixtures, because of the Van der Waals forces will tend to form attractions with hydrocarbon

The overall volume of the reaction decreases as the reaction progresses. By Le Chatelier’s principle, a high pressure and low temperature push the reaction in the forward direction. But reducing the temperature reduces the kinetics of the reaction, thus an optimum temperature is required. The reactions are carried out at around 3000C and 50-100 atm. (Olah & Goeppert, 2006) Control of temperature is very important and over-heating of the catalyst needs to be avoided as catalysts gets poisoned and degrades at high temperature.

Although biodegradation of hydrocarbons can happen in a wide range of temperatures, biodegradation rate generally decreases with decreasing temperature (26). So in this study, the lowest rate of biodegradation was observed at lowest temperature. This is due to the fact that at low temperatures, the viscosity of the oil is increased while the volatilization of toxic short-chain alkanes is reduced, and its water solubility is decreased, thereby delaying the onset of biodegradation