The Paper-Making Process

The word "paper" is derived from the Greek word(Latin), the word for the papyrus plant.

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers simply in a sheet form, typically cellulose pulp made from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. Paper is a versatile material with many uses, the most common is for writing and printing, it is also widely used as a packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial applications.

Paper, and the pulp papermaking process, was said to be developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading production and the United States behind it.

Paper spread from

An M is sometimes placed after the appropriate sheet dimension to indicate the grain of the paper.

A Series. This is an ISO series of standard trimmed sheet sizes for printed matter and stationery. Every size has its sheet length and width in the same ratio of 1:2 (1 to 1.414). The basic size, A0, is 841 x 1,189 mm (1 m²). Each subsequent size is obtained by either doubling or having the longer dimension.

B Series. An ISO standard of trimmed sheet sizes, with the same ratio of dimensions as the A Series. It is intended for posters and wall charts, etc, and fills the gap between adjacent sizes in the A Series.

A Series B Series

4A0 1,682 x 2,378 mm 4B0 2,000 x 2,828 mm

2A0 1,189 x 1,682 mm 2B0 1,414 x 2,000

This means that once fixed costs are covered, additional gross profit goes straight to the bottom line (net profit). Thus the importance of incremental tonnage. In the diagram, the double hatched profit area illustrates the magnitude of additional profit resulting from a small quantity of incremental tonnage. The factors influencing production efficiency are described under PM Production Efficiency Criteria. Analogous considerations apply to pulp mill and converting operations. Decreasing variable and fixed costs, and increasing sales revenue all increase