Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. The way that this acid is formed is through a SN2 reaction with chloroacetate and chlorophenolate. During a SN2 reaction, everything occurs in one step. The leaving group, which is usually electronegative, will fall off while the nucleophile attacks the back of the carbon.1 In this reaction, the chlorine will fall of the chloroacetate and the oxygen of the 4-chlorophenolate will replace the chlorine that left the molecule. This will then become one compound forming a compound that looks like para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. But, it isn’t until the negative charge of the oxygen attacks the positive charge of hydrogen. This hydrogen will then become part of the molecule making it para -chlorophenoxyacetic acid.2 …show more content…
The whole point that drives this process is that a compound’s solubility will increase if the temperature is also increased. The impure compound will be dissolved in a solvent. The solvent can vary depending on the compound. Then it his heated, making sure the whole solid compound is dissolved. Then it will be transferred to an ice bath, this causes the solubility to decrease. This process separates the impurities from the rest of the compound because the impurities will not crystallize as fast as the rest of the compound. Then it can be vacuum filtered to separate the desired compound from the impurities. It purifies the compound by separating the more pure crystals from the impurities.3 This process was performed during the
Suppose you need to find the fractional European call and the fractional European put options. Let the Hurst parameter be $H=0.85$, the $\sigma=0,25$, $r=0.10$, $S_{fbm} = 100$, $K = 95$, we have \begin{eqnarray*} d_1^{fBm} & = & \frac{\ln{\frac{S}{K}} + \frac{1}{2}(r( T - t) + \frac{(1)\sigma^2{( T^{2H} - t^{2H})}}{2})}{\sigma{\sqrt{T^{2H} - t^{2H}}}}\\ & = & \frac{\ln(\frac{105}{100}) + (0.10(0.25 -0) + \frac{(1){0.25^2}{0.25^{2(0.85)} - (1)0.25^{2(0.85)}}}{2}}{(0.25){\sqrt{0.25^{2(0.85)} - 0}})} \end{eqnarray*} we obtain $d^{fBm}_1= 1.0558$. We find in the normal distribution that $N(1.0558)= 0.8544$ and $N(-1.0558) = 0.1456.$
After adding the acetic acid and hydrobromic acid to the solution, and heating and recrystallizing the solution, the product triphenylmethyl bromide was created and had a mass of 0.103 g. The theoretical yield was calculated by determining the limiting reagent in the reaction. The triphenylmethanol was the limiting reagent in the reaction. The total amount of mass from the triphenylmethanol was converted to moles by using the molar mass of the triphenylmethanol. The amount of moles was then converted into grams to determine the theoretical yield, 0.125 g. The percent yield was then calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying the result by 100%. The percent yield was 82.4%.
The third step is where the oxyanion electrons reform the bond with the aromatic amino acid. Then the bond between the carboxyl-terminus of the amino acid and the n-terminus of the residue is cleaved and its electrons are used to take out the hydrogen of the nitrogen on the Histidine 57. The c-terminal side of the polypeptide is free to dissociate form the active site. Step four is basically just where water can now enter and bind to the active site through hydrogen bonding, which is between the hydrogen atoms of water and the Histidine-57 nitrogen. The fifth step is the step where the water and oxygen make a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the acyl-enzyme intermediate.
ST Report In the experiment, the problem was the contaminants that were affecting the quality of the water samples. To fix this issue, three scientists had to determine the contaminants that were present in the samples. One sample was from the school sink and the second sample was from an unknown source. The scientists conducted many tests to figure out what pollutants were present in the water.
Absorption Absorption of chlorpyrifos varies with species to species. In humans, about 70% was absorbed after oral exposure of volunteers. For the metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the minimal dermal absorption was 1-3%. It is to be noted that chlorpyrifos (cpf) is rapidly absorbed and transported to the brain through oral dosing [66]. Distribution
Enzymes are an important part of the cell and are crucial to sustaining a healthy life for an organism. An enzyme is a protein, composed from amino acids, and an enzyme’s role in the cell is to increase the cell’s ability to perform chemical reactions (Brain 2000). The chemical reactions that cells perform are critical to the development of cells and are how cells grow (Brain 2000). Tyrosinase is an enzyme that is commonly found in plants, and its function is to cause plants to brown, a process known as melanization (Chang 2012). Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is an amino acid that reacts with Tyrosinanse, and this reaction eventually leads to create melanin, a product of melanization (Waite 1991).
Elijah Brycth B. Jarlos IX-Argon 1. Multicellularity is a condition of an organism to have multicellular cells. An example of a organism who has multicellular cells are plants, animals, and humans. The main reason of why scientists have a hard time finding a good set of existing organisms to compare. Is neither the first set of organisms which is being compared is dying as fast as the second specimen is being examined or they just can’t find the right species.
• Write down the highlighted numbers. Do you observe a pattern? • Does the pattern grow? What is the reason for this? • Write down the last number (say 53).
Teflon was discovered by Dupont chemist. When Dr Roy J. Plunkett use polytetrafluoroethylene to make an experiment with chemical refrigerants, he tries to pump the gas tetrafluoroethylene into hydrochloric acid and he does not see anything happen in the outside. When he hold the cylinder that contain tetrafluoroethylene, he sees the cylinder still heavy. After that, he thinks it is a good idea to cut the cylinder to see what happen in the inside . When he cut it out, he sees the tetrafluoroethylene have polymerized and it as a waxy powder.
Zinc was able to replace the hydrogen present in hydrochloric acid. This leaves hydrogen to be less active than
If impure, preform recrystallization procedure to remove the impurities. Then calculate Percent Recovered on crystals formed, and preform melting point procedure. 2. You find that a solid substance you are trying to purify is very soluble in ethanol, but not very soluble in water. You decide that you are going to try to recrystallize it from a solvent pair, consisting of ethanol and water.
INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Molecular Structure of PET PET (or PETE) is also known as polyethylene terephthalate or (C10H8O4)n. Its natural state is a colorless, semi-crystalline resin when combined with other materials like glass fiber or carbon nanotubes, it increases the material’s strength. Polyethylene terephthalate melts at 260°C and Amorphous density (at 25oC) is 1.33 g/cm3. PET can be produced by 2 different reactions as a product of polymerization. The first reaction is between ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid.
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.
Introduction Solubility is a chemical property that is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called saturated solution. For example when a sample of sodium chloride solution in water is heated the behavior of the reaction is endothermic obstructing exothermic behavior. Another relationship that can be said about solubility is that the solubility of a solid substance increases as the temperature increases. The solubility of solutes is dependent on temperature.