Parkinson Disease Case Study

Serotonin receptors are inactivated by risperidone, but these are not the primary neurotransmitters responsible for acute mania. Serotonin is primarily responsible for mood and is the target of most

Example of speaking, If someone took a test of something once, would you get the same result if you took the test at a different time. That doesn’t mean that the test is testing what it thinks it is measuring. It might be better to means one attribute but actually capturing something else, but capturing that something else is reliably. It is often hard to know you are measuring the thing you think you are measuring exactly.

Vicodin contains the combination of acetaminophen and hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a a drug that acts on the nervous system to receive pain. Acetaminophen is a little less stronger pain reliever that increases the effect of hydrocodone. Vicodin is prescribed for moderate to sever pain. They should only be prescribed for abrupt, short-term, or pain caused by injury or surgery.

In mild cases, treatment is may be unnecessary. In moderate to severe cases, treatment may include behavioral (habit-reversal) and cognitive therapies. Multimodal therapy might be a more suitable approach for some individuals, which includes combining behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy such as neuroleptic-antipsychotic agents (haloperidol, pimozide) or a2-adrenergic drugs (clonidine, guanfacine). Because Tourette’s is a “tic” disorder, medications should be used cautiously due to the increased risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD), a medication induced disorder in which tics worsen or may become permanent. Botulinum toxin (used mostly for complex motor tics), or in the most severe cases, deep-brain stimulation, are also available treatment

TREATMENT In general, people with mild cases do not benefit from antifungal medicine. Bed rest and treatment of symptoms such as cough, fever, or chest discomfort may be advised. For chronic pulmonary infections and forms of the disease that have spread to other areas of the body, antifungal medicine is prescribed. The length of drug treatment depends on the patient 's immune status and the site of infection.

Etomidate is a short acting sedative that avoids affecting respiratory, cardiac and circulation centers, meaning less adverse reaction in the patient (Mason et al., 2013). Midazolam is a benzodiazepine sedative that can be used in RSI, but tends to cause hypotension in patients (Mason et al., 2013). Ketamine is another sedative that can be used, but it is usually a third choice after etomidate or midazolam because of its adverse affects (Mason et al., 2013). Propofol is the final sedative or hypnotic that is used in RSI, it has adverse effects including hypotension, and because of its short acting period is used primarily in conscious sedation procedures and not RSI (Mason et al.,

According to Quinn (2012), accelerating opioids is based on ending the patient’s pain and giving the patient medication that has the end goal of dealing with the pain even at the risk of accelerating death. In other words, while the goal is not to kill the patient-the reason a patient is given accelerating opioids is to do as much as possible to get rid of the patient’s pain. Pallatiatve sedation is very similar except the specific medications are different and there could be circumstances where the patient is left unconscious-but the end result is the patient not being in pain or in far less pain. Ending or not beginning therapy is based on a tenet of the doctor/patient relationship which is that the patient has autonomy not to seek any treatment, especially if the treatment will only sustain (as opposed to save) the patient’s life. Indeed, life-sustaining therapy is something that a patient can legitimately refuse and while that will almost assuredly hasten death, it does not cause death.

If psychedelic drugs like LSD and MDMA become legal, the world may become a more colorful place. Would it be dangerous for everyone to be tripping out at the same time? Researchers have suggested that psychedelics are relatively safe when mixed with common daily activities. Well, maybe not driving.

In Addition, another agreement of physical therapy being useful in pain treatment, is that it avoids surgery and strong medications. People have different perspectives on medical purposes as some may prefer drug medications as it beyond what they except to take while others take surgery offers for quicker results in reducing pain; “Surgery may not always be the best first course of action. A physical therapist, in many cases, can help patients avoid the often unnecessary risks and expenses of surgery”. (http://www.apta.org/ 2013) and medications can be unresponsive to the body movements causing other informalities; “Medications that impact the central nervous system and alter (slow down) they way our nerves think and our reflexes respond can put patients’ at risk during physical therapy and certainly at risk for falls”.

Though biofeedback has been described as a useful therapeutic intervention in patients with pelvic floor disorders like incontinence or constipation, it will not be inappropriate to discuss it in this chapter as few functional anal pains like the levator ani syndrome have been found to be relieved with biofeedback therapy. The concept of biofeedback is that patients with disordered defecation are unable to respond appropriately to the stimulus of rectal distension. With incontinence, contraction of the external anal sphincter (EAS) is impaired, and with obstructive defecation, relaxation of the EAS is impaired. To defecate properly, patients must relearn the sensation of rectal distension and how to respond appropriately.

Another effective treatment option for opioid (opiate) addiction is a medication called Buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is an opioid medication similar to the ones prescribed for chronic pain and may still cause a person to have withdrawal when the treatment is started. When a health care provider mixes Buprenorphine with naloxone the mixture will block the feeling from the other opioids. The two medications put together are called suboxone. It acts as an opioid receptor in the brain that controls cravings and sickness from not having opiates.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is known to being resistant to medication, which is why current research is investigating how G- proteins can become activated by the mu opioid receptor selective peptide (DAMGO) and nociception (Temp Lobe G). Another aspect examined is the binding to mu and nociception (NOP) receptors and adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the neocortex, which is the region of the brain associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (Temp). By comparing the levels of [3H]DAMGO binding and stimulation, it was concluded that epileptics with temporal lobe seizure were found to have changes in the mu opioid and NOP receptor binding and, also, the downstream receptors were found to have alterations in their signal transduction mechanisms

The government is also supporting the movement. The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act lets the National Institutes of Health speed up research on developing non-opioid painkillers. The Act also creates programs that give money to states for their addiction treatment. One program is medication-assisted treatment. They prescribe opioids that dull the addiction craving but don 't really produce a high, the medications are called methadone or buprenorphine.

Depending on your insurance or specific lifestyle, it may be expensive to keep taking your antidepressant medication. Before quitting the meds on your own, discuss the issue with your doctor. He may be able to prescribe a generic or lower-cost version for you.http://www.cigna.com/healthwellness/hw/medical-topics/depression-zx3018 #Recognize that quitting antidepressants puts you at risk for withdrawal. Abruptly discontinuing your antidepressant medication can cause withdrawal symptoms.

It also states that legally prescribed opioids are generally safe when taken for a short amount of time and are prescribed by a doctor. It described that opioids can be misused by being taken in a different way, in larger quantities or without a doctor’s prescription. Also talks about the drug that can reverse an opioid overdose if given right away, which is naloxone (Abuse). b. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that since 1999 the number of overdose deaths involving opioids has quadrupled. The number of opioid involved deaths continues to increase in the United States.