Patient Risk Factors for Health Care–Associated Infections
Transmission of infection within a health care setting requires three elements: a source of infecting microorganisms, a susceptible host, and a means of transmission for the microorganism to the host.
Source of Microorganisms
During the delivery of health care, patients can be exposed to a variety of exogenous microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) from other patients, health care personnel, or visitors. Other reservoirs include the patient’s endogenous flora (e.g., residual bacteria residing on the patient’s skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory tract) which may be difficult to suppress and inanimate environmental surfaces or objects that have become contaminated (e.g., patient room touch surfaces, equipment, medications). The most common sources of infectious agents causing HAI, described in a
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These patients are also more susceptible to rapid microbial colonization as a consequence of the severity of the underlying disease, depending on the function of host defenses and the presence of risk factors (e.g., age, extrinsic devices, extended length of stay). Exposure to these colonizing microorganisms is from such sources as (1) endemic pathogens from an endogenous source, (2) hospital flora in the health care environment, and (3) hands of health care workers. A study related to length of hospitalization examining adverse events in medical care indicated that the likelihood of experiencing an adverse event increased approximately 6 percent for each day of hospital stay. The highest proportion of adverse events (29.3 percent) was not related to surgical procedures but linked instead to the subsequent monitoring and daily care lacking proper antisepsis
Inpatient Outpatient Visitors Hospital workers Cleaners 6. Which of the following can spread the infectious organism Coughing
The prevention of infection is a practice that is crucial and paramount for the health and general well-being of society. Infection prevention and control is an integral part of healthcare systems around the world. The practice of Infection prevention and control is based on evidence and procedures that when applied continuously and effectively can inhibit as well as diminish the spread of harmful microorganisms. In healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics and long-term care Holmes the spread of infectious nosocomial diseases are a concern for healthcare providers, patients, and visitors of these facilities. Humber River Hospital is one of Canada’s largest regional acute care hospitals.
Researchers used nursing theories to help guide research on complicated phenomena(Connelly, 2014). After reviewing evidences collected on the topic "Antibiotic therapy and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)", the most common theories that have been cited are, exposure to antibiotic, especiallyin patients that have been previously diagnosed with bacterial infections(respiratory, urinary and osteoarticular infections) are significanly at risk for acquiring CDI and theory for prevention cited was implementation of an Antibiotic stewardship program. Inaddition,hand hygiene, contact precaution and environmental cleaning protocols where other interventions listed. Concept Definitions Exposure to antibiotic- is operationally defined as the last time within 30 days a hospitalized patients received antibiotic therapy before the current hospital
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning that they can cause infection more frequently and more easily in persons’ with a weakened immune system such as, HIV patients (CDC, 2015). This organism is seen primarily in nosocomial infections, also known as, hospital-acquired infections (Bukhari, 2004). This means that the organisms favors the hospital environment and is easily passed to a person while they are in the hospital. Ways that a person can get a Staphylococcus epidermidis infection is through IV’s, more commonly in drug users, catheters, and artificial equipment (Bukhari, 2004). Skin-to-skin contact can also be a form of getting this type of infection.
PROBLEM SOLUTION With patients today using the threat of reporting low satisfaction rates in the hopes of receiving faster or higher quality care, they seem to have taken the upper hand in some of the decision making of what takes place in the healthcare world today (Sullivan). But is it really the survey results that will make the drastic changes that are needed? Instead of questioning whether providers spend enough time with patients, ensuring that the provider gives the patient the option of which medical treatment or drug is best for them, or simply having the patient rate the provider from 0-10, zero being “worst provider possible” to ten being “best provider possible,” (Ganey) patients should simply be asked to leave comments or concerns about their visit. It is understandable and unfortunate that not everyone in the healthcare field can do their job professionally and appropriately, and those people should be reported.
7 / D.P7: Explain how different procedures maintain health and safety in a selected health or social care setting Maintaining health and safety in health and social care is extremely important to ensure the health, safety and wellbeing of all their service users as well as other individuals service providers may come in contact with in the setting. There are several procedures that help to maintain this health and safety however they can all vary between settings for example, health and safety procedures will be slightly different and more focused on certain areas in hospitals and especially in paediatric ward compared to in drop-in centres where the needs and risk to service users are slightly different. Some of the procedures used in health and social care to maintain health and safety include; infection control and prevention, safe moving and handling of equipment and individuals, food preparation and storage, storage and administration of medication and storage and disposal of hazardous substances.
As previously described, the United States is the country that spends the most money in health care in the world. For example, just in the year 2008, it spent 16.2 percent of its gross domestic product on health- care (Gaydos 700). Through the population health model, investment and policy decisions in areas such as education, income transfer, civil rights, macroeconomics, employment, welfare, housing, and neighborhoods would have a significant effect on improving a population’s health than increasing the spending on medical services. (Jonas & Kovner 92). Through this model, there might not only be a decrease in what is spent by the country in health care services, but also an improvement in many other areas that would improve the economy of
Lots of health care services, including certain procedures, are now performed in an outpatient setting, such as ambulatory surgical centers, which increases the risk of acquiring an infection, as the outpatient setting usually have a much less oversight and infection control compared to a hospital
The primary prevention is the best way to eliminate the potential for exposure. Since hand washing is the most effective mean of spread of infection, it would be my primary goal to increase the compliance of hand hygiene among healthcare workers, but also an extensive education of patients and family members on hand washing before and after touching the patient as well as afar any contact with any potentially contaminated materials (surface, body fluids or respiratory secretions). Mandatory education of patients, visitors and healthcare workers, across the system as well as cross department compliance practices are single best mean of preventing the spread of infection. For example, every patient and family member can be educated about hand hygiene, use of PPE-personal protective equipment (face mask, gowns and gloves). Although, the practices are already being utilized, I believe the compliance is poorly monitored.
Understanding the risk and protective factors of child delinquency is imperative in order to create and implement treatment and intervention programs. Because children’s behavior develops during the first five years, it is important to know what risk and protective factors could increase the likelihood of a child becoming a child offender (Wasserman et al., 2003). Moreover, overcoming the risk factors would help prevent the child offender from becoming a juvenile, and later, adult offender. As Wasserman et al (2003) stated, “risk factors for child delinquency operate in several domains: the individual child, the child’s family, the child’s peer group, the child’s school, the child’s neighborhood, and the media” (pg.1). As one can see, children are exposed to risk in partially every aspect of their lives.
Patient centered care is an approach of forming a therapeutic relationship between care providers, older people and families, mainly focusing on the values and respect (lenus). Care of which is respectful to an individual’s needs, values, social circumstances, lifestyles and family situations by putting them at the centre of care is a priority. This is a way of thinking and doing things in a way of using health and social services as partners. Meeting the needs of the older person include personalising the care of preference, taking account the physical comfort and safety of the individual and Making sure patient has access to appropriate care when they need it. Involvement of families is important as the centre of decisions, whilst working along side professionals for the best outcome.
Hand washing or isolation of the sick persons with infections in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. 5. Does the use of hand washing, and antisepsis lower the rate of hospital acquired infections? The fifth PICOT question is selected because of the reported low compliance percentage among medical caregivers.
Healthcare is becoming more dependent on technology. From advancements in hardware that help to save lives and cure disease, to software that allows for the transferring and storage of private patient data. Healthcare systems also rely on technology to control costs and ensure an optimal patient experience. The drawback to these innovations is that hospitals have seen a marked increase in the use of electronic information and a resulting increase in the level of exposure to cyberattacks, which target an organization's use of cyberspace to steal information or disrupt, disable, or destroy related information resources. These cyber threats have made most of healthcare's trusted technology less reliable and there is a race to find solutions.
In all areas of healthcare, particularly in acute care settings, patients may be unable to care for their nutritional and/or hygienic needs properly. One area that is especially important to address is the perineal care of patients who are incapacitated, or otherwise unable to care for their hygienic needs independently. Normal bacterial flora can develop into an opportunistic infection if the bacteria reaches certain areas of the body. For example, a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) is due to Escherichia coli from the colon coming into contact with the urethra (Copstead & Banasik, 2013). If the patient is immunocompromised, elderly, sedentary, or otherwise compromised in their abilities to void, this can predispose the patient
Health statistics are important for knowing the health status of the whole population and its various segments and groups, as well as the trend in health status, the provision and distribution of healthcare services, and the impact of the provided services and programs. he success or failure of healthcare programs cannot be veriied without properly collected and interpreted health statistics. Proper allocation of resources also depends on health statistics. Researchers, presenters, and health care workers and students always need health statistics. However, it is not uncommon to ind a local article or presentation, which reports health statistics from all over the world, but fail to report local statistics from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).