Psychodynamic Approach And Humanism

This is shown, when he writes psychological reflections and thoughts in a journal, unawarely soul searching. Through these reflections, Equality realizes that he, “wish[es] nothing save to be alone and to learn”. Demonstrating, that when given the chance, Equality can flourish in free thought, away from the fictitious collective thought of his society. Although Equality progresses in egocentrism through learning, knowledge alone cannot liberate him from altruism. Someone must arouse Equality’s primal instinct that has been buried by his camaraderie, and her name is Liberty.

Consequentialism refers to the principle that “an act’s rightness or wrongness should be judged by its consequences. ”10 This guided us during decision-making that we should choose an action which can maximize good consequences. 1 Utilitarianism, which represents the most well-known form of consequentialism, stated that we should make our choices with the one produces the maximum pleasure for the largest number of people.2 This theory has long been subject to criticism for failing to do the moral rightness. In this essay, I shall discuss three main criticisms of consequentialist approach to decision making addressed in class and how we can respond to tthem.

The necessary objective is the feeling of the inferiority complex that generates with the feeling of the dependency and helplessness that a child feels. He also focuses on the achievement for superiority that looks less conceptual than Jung’s theory of individualisation as a target of

Second, when Kant’s theory is interpreted as two object interpretation it seemed that the theory implies a radical form of skepticism that traps each of us within the contents of our own mind and cuts us off from reality. According to Kant’s, things in themselves are real while appearances are not, and hence we cannot have experience or knowledge of reality. But Kant denies that appearances are unreal: they are just as real as things in themselves but are in a different metaphysical

Maslow said, “It is as if Freud has supplied to us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half.” (Maslow, 1998). The Humanistic perspective concentrate on the positive side of human beings and expects them to be optimistic which helps to fulfill the fully potential. So, it ignored negative aspects of human experience and the unconscious mind which is equally important in humans.

Although Phenomenological Tradition has richly described the characteristics of embodiment, systematic methodologies are still needed to assist in breaking down concepts of the bodily self (Longo, 2008). Neuropsychological studies have described embodiment using concepts of dissociations between the different constituents of body representations (Longo, 2008). For instance, using brain damaged patients with Anosognosia for hemiplegia, Foutopoulou (2008) determined that forward motor planning is dominant over sensory feedback in awareness of actions. It is difficult to study body ownership experimentally as there is no way of producing a condition where the body is absent. Body Ownership can also be confounded by other mental processes, like the Sense of Agency (having control over actions), which cannot be experimentally isolated from the sense of

Kant sets out to elucidate what the categorical imperative contains. We ought to bear in mind that the categorical imperative is not a concept that can be established by an appeal to experience, since experience cannot furnish us with what ought to be, but rather what is. The categorical imperative, Kant explains, is not analytic, but rather it is a practical synthetic principle a priori, and establishing how synthetic a priori propositions are possible is always a daunting undertaking. With this difficulty, Kant resolves to postpone the resolution of the unconditional imperative for the latter part of his work (420). Kant argues that hypothetical imperatives – imperatives based on desire or inclination – are conditional, since they are dependent

Unlike Freud, Erikson was interested in going forward, ego investments in adults, developmental direction and health. Freud believed that abnormality was the starting point to understand normality, Erikson believed the opposite. Also unlike Freud, Erikson thought that the history of psychology was focusing on fragmentation not human integration. To Erikson, libido is much more than just a sexual energy and it contains all instincts and motivational forces. As cited in Hoare (2005, p.25), Erikson (1963) thought that Freud underestimated the concept of morality.

In this context, it means that not only will the theory be unable to expect or explain such cognitive errors, it might also be incapable to describe the intentional states of a person executing these mistakes (Stich as cited in Funkhouser, n.d.). Since there is no guarantee that human beings are rational agents at all time, Dennett’s intentional system theory is false as the theory is only valid when the intentional stance has been adopted towards an entity in which we believe that after adopting the following theory, we’re only able to foretell and define its behaviour by giving treatment to it as though it were a rational agent with activities are administered by its views and needs (Kind,

Phenomenologists do not accept the separation between the subject and the object, which is highlighted in Positivism. Positivism focuses on the separation between the real world and how it is viewed. They argue that is essential to think that the subject has a great relationship with the object, because according to them, it is through the object of the real world that we make sense of our own experiences. The subject refers to the individual world, while the object refers to the real world. Therefore we perceive and interpret our experience when the object enters our consciousness (Langdridge, 2007).

John Stuart Mill is a utilitarian. He believes that all sentient creators are psychologically hedonistic; that we naturally seek out pleasures and avoid pains (Pg. 88). As a utilitarian, he focuses on ethical hedonism, the idea that we ought to maximize our happiness. To Mill, the right actions to take are those that promote happiness, the wrong actions to take are those that promote pain (Pg. 90). Mill defines happiness as feeling many kinds of pleasures and only few temporary pains in our lifetime (Pg. 89).