Mass Smallpox Immunisation
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 HISTORY OF VACCINES
The practice of immunization dates back hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite and variolation. Smearing of a skin tear with cowpox to confer immunity to smallpox was also practiced in China in the 17th century. Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796, after he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. The first smallpox vaccine was developed in 1798. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, systematic implementation of mass smallpox immunisation culminated in its global eradication in 1979.9
Louis Pasteur’s experiments spearheaded the development of live attenuated cholera vaccine
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It spreads easily from one person to another but can be prevented through vaccination. It is caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria. The infection is spread through person to person contact or through contact with objects that have the bacteria on them. You may also get the bacteria if you are around an infected person when they sneeze, cough or blow their nose. An infected person who hasn’t shown any sign and symptoms of diphtheria can transmit the bacteria infection for up to six weeks after the initial …show more content…
In the pre – vaccine era, diphtheria was common, with annual reported case of 125,000 and annual death of 10,000 being reported in the united State of America11. Invention of an effective vaccine against diphtheria and following the introduction of mass immunization, the incidence of diphtheria fell to such an extent that at the beginning of the 1980’s many countries in the world are progressing towards the elimination of diphtheria.12
‘The number of reported cases of diphtheria in Nigeria has been declining. Reported cases from Nigeria were 5,039 in 1989, 3995 in 2000, 2468 in 2001, 790 in 2002, and 312 in 2006.’13
There are few reports in clinical diphtheria in Nigeria, but most of these are old reports corroborating the possible declining prevalence of diphtheria in Nigeria, however we reported 5 cases over a year period in 2009 with 40% mortality and speculate on the possible resurgence of the disease.14,15
2.2.2 PERTUSIS
Pertusis also known as whooping cough is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a paroxysmal cough. The most common causative organism is Bordetella
Vaccination Rates In Mullumbimby
518 Words | 3 PagesThese belief systems are a great concern to parents who follow the compulsory vaccination schedule. Dr Karen Plant said, “The low rates mean a loss of ‘herd immunity’ which exposes those too young or ill, such as babies to be vaccinated, to disease and infection, which Mullumbimby has already been exposed to in the past” of the risks of low vaccination in communities. Mullumbimby mothers Toni Mcaffree both lost a child, to the Whooping Cough after an outbreak in the between 2009- 2013. Mother and Health Care worker Kalee Suthers, “They were to young to be vaccinated, so they relied on the rest of the community to be vaccinated to offer protection, but numbers wernt high enough” said when speaking of the deaths of the two babies.
Comparing The CDC And Smallpox Disease
460 Words | 2 PagesThis disease is spread by direct contact. Symptoms are very bad and after it it’s horrible. The disease symptoms will include high fever, body aches etc. This disease is transmitted The CDC has determined “smallpox is an acute, contagious, and sometimes fatal disease by variola virus” (“questions and answers about smallpox disease”). Smallpox has been around for many many years , about a thousand years.
Dbq On Vaccination
142 Words | 1 PagesControlling the spread of infectious diseases through immunization is one of medicine 's most significant accomplishments. Vaccination programs are proven to be a cost-effective means of disease prevention that have saved millions from death. Medical providers play an important role in the promotion of vaccinations; they can promote vaccination by following the standards for Adult Immunization Practice which include a four-step process: ♦ Assess immunization of all patients at every clinical encounter. ♦ Strongly recommend to patients the vaccines that they need.
Industrial Revolution Dbq Essay
878 Words | 4 PagesThey found new medicine to cure diseases and limit child labor laws so children under a certain age wouldn’t have to be forced to work. This new medicine would help children not suffer from smallpox. Smallpox was a disease that would spread like a wildfire that would make your skin itch and turn all red. The creator of the smallpox vaccine was Edward Jenner. There were about 1500 inhabitants who worked in the mills.
Small Pox History
764 Words | 4 PagesAt times the mortality rate was not less than one-sixth of the birth rate. Modern medicine had developed significantly since this time, but during this period, the only way people believed this disease could be prevented was through inoculation. Before the discovery of the vaccine, people would infect themselves and their children with the smallpox virus in the hopes to become immune to it. The process included using a “lancet wet with fresh matter taken from a ripe pustule of some person who suffered from smallpox… and then subcutaneously introduced on the arms or legs of the nonimmune person.”
How Did The Civil War Impacted Medicine
1061 Words | 5 PagesSome Vaccines were ineffective, Bollet wrote “in civilian life, children were first vaccinated with material taken directly from a lesion on the udder of a cow or a calf infected with cowpox, which was caused by a virus similar enough to smallpox to confer immunity” though this proved effective army soldiers would vaccinate each other but because they did not sterilize and used antiseptic methods this method would often be fatal due to blood poisoning. However, the knowledge the physicians gain from this experience helps to shape how patients are vaccinated
Smallpox Dbq
1252 Words | 6 PagesDue to the smallpox epidemic threat, the inoculation procedure got popular in other places and for other similar diseases. The benefits of inoculation outweighed the risks for children. Boylston figured out inoculation could produce certain type of immunity for the virus which can terminate the infection and save lives. Also, he ensured from his experiments that the inoculation process had less fatal structure of the disease in the human body. The author illustrated that several obstacles were overtaken to prevent the outbreak from spreading, a contamination which infected numerous people in 1721, and there were many controversies about the inoculation process and experimentation to inoculate the disease into a healthy person.
Smallpox Vaccination History
729 Words | 3 PagesOver the centuries, the health care system in Europe has underwent significant modification. From a “simple system of home remedies and itinerant doctors with little training”, the health care system in Europe has evolved to a complex system that is fostered by “medical science and technology and the authority of medical professionals”. Additionally, emphasis on aspects like epidemiology and prevention were also observed. There were several factors which helped stage for this evolution of modern health care system. In particular was the ground-breaking discovery of smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796 which eventually acted as a basis for present-day immunology.
Pertussis: Whooping Cough Virus
557 Words | 3 PagesAccording to the CDC, “approximately half of the babies less than one year old who get pertussis need treatment in the hospital” (Fast Facts). The pertussis vaccine, discovered in 1906 was developed by Bordet and Gengou. It is a common virus that is more well known for affecting babies. The virus also known as “Whooping Cough” for the sound the host makes while trying to catch their breath.
The Smallpox Virus
557 Words | 3 PagesSmallpox continued to be a problem throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, affecting populations on a large scale.” It was one of the primary annihilator’s of the native indigenous population of the Americas during the first arrivals of the Europeans who brought it with them. One notable incident which many believe led to a severe outbreak of the smallpox amongst various Indian tribes in the Ohio Valley in 1763 was the case of the British Army giving away blankets from a pox hospital with the hopes of passing the disease onto the Indians they were fighting. Gill (2004) shares purported correspondence between two British officers with the following:
The Epidemic Of Smallpox
1241 Words | 5 PagesWright 5 Jayla WrightJared DiamondEnglish 428 February 2018 The Epidemic of SmallPox One of the most scariest diseases, if not the scariest disease, was smallpox. Smallpox was a game change in the 1500’s.
Smallpox Essay
308 Words | 2 PagesBefore that, people used variolation to prevent getting a more serious version of smallpox. Variolation is when the patient is inoculated with live smallpox. But in a lot of cases around the world, the plan backfired, leading the individual to contract a full-blown case of the
Smallpox In Ancient Civilizations
1623 Words | 7 PagesIt is probable that smallpox existed before any known civilizations, as this disease is based on the activity of human interaction. Once a person became infected and survived, he would no longer be susceptible to this disease, and smallpox is passed on through interaction with other people. With this information in mind, entire ancient tribes could have carried this disease unknowingly, and only through emigration and immigration could the full extent of this disease been evident. Also, before major civilizations came about, most people lived in isolation from others. This isolation mitigated the spread and influence of smallpox.
The Smallpox Disaster
265 Words | 2 Pagesfor this disaster is very much real. The Center for Disease control reports that “because smallpox was wiped out many years ago, a case of smallpox today would be the result of an intentional act. A single confirmed case of smallpox would be considered an emergency. There is no treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination”[15] It would be almost impossible to disseminate and spread enough of the vaccine in a quick enough time so as to prevent casualties.
Argumentative Essay On Vaccination In Public Schools
933 Words | 4 PagesOnce the child recovered from the cowpox disease, Jenner then tried to infect the child with smallpox, but the young man proved to be immune. “It seemed that this attempt at vaccination had worked. But Jenner had to work on for two more years before his discovery was considered sufficiently tested by the medical profession to permit widespread introduction.” (Alexander, 2003). Beginning in 1831 and ending in 1835, due to increasing vaccination, smallpox deaths were down to one in a thousand.
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