Biophilia's Nine Aspects

Biophilia is one of the guiding principles can be followed in treating various forms of life. Under the Biophilia can divide into nine aspects, utilitarian, symbolic, aesthetic, humanistic, dominionistic, negativistic, naturalistic, ecologistic-scientific and moralistic, used in research human perceptions. The nine aspects also can classify into two categories that anthropocentric (utilitarian, symbolic, aesthetic, humanistic, dominionistic, negativistic) and biocentric (naturalistic, ecologistic-scientific and moralistic). Although, some aspects are nature based and viewed all life has intrinsic values, more aspects mainly tend to anthropocentric which are human based and human centered. It seems to be people more agree with the moral status

The principle of equality of consideration that “each to count for one and none for more than one” which Singer quoted by Jeremy Bentham. In 1993, Singer has published other books called “Practical Ethics”. In the book, he has gone beyond the concept of equal consideration to equal consideration of interest. To illustrate the principle of equal consideration, take two people like Tom and Mary for explanation. If doing an action called X, Tom tends to loss something during the process which larger than what Mary can gain from the action X. Therefore, we will not decide to do X as it is a negative gain in the result. Under the same setting, if we consider the interest of Mary more than Tom, we will do the action X but it will put more affect to Tom. However, it is not an equal consideration of interest as we count Mary’s interest higher than Tom. Singer also pointed out that human similarly do not give the equal weight to non-human animals that fail to fulfill the equal consideration of interest. The real example that human eat meat for the reason of taste. As human aim for gratifying our taste rather than satisfy our nutritional needs though have a meal. In fact, we can obtain the daily essential nutrition from soy beans or other kind of high protein vegetables products rather than meats. Singer claimed that human concern our own pleasure of taste rather than suffers inflict on animals no matter the

Using a stone and a schoolboy as an example, if a schoolboy kick a stone along the road. It is hard to apply the principle of equal consideration of interest as a stone does not has capacity for suffering, it is no need to take the interest. But if replace the word from “stone” to “mouse” which will rewrite by if a schoolboy kick a mouse along the road, the schoolboy’s action become morally wrong. As a mouse is a creature that can suffer, we need to take it account to avoid suffering. Briefly, if creatures have capacity for suffering that should take their interest in account. Singer interpret human beings and non-human animals have sentience that define as can feel pleasure and pain. Having these capacities allow them to have an interest is not suffering. Therefore, we should take their interest into account. Using an analog to explain, first of all human beings have sentience that can feel pleasure and pain. Also, non-human animals have sentience that can feel pleasure and pain too. When human have an interests is not suffering and also conclude that non-human animals similarly have interests is not suffering. Through this analog can draw out a conclusion which Singer suggested human and non-human animals need to have equal consideration of