Phantom Limb Pain

Recently, however, the focus has shifted to patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures, whereby questionnaires are used by patients to self-report. Pain-related disability questionnaires in LBP focus on the decrease in capacity of performance and altered performance of activities of daily living, but also cover other limitations of health under the ICF definition (Grotle et al 2005). In this literature review, the author aims to investigate the current literature pertaining to the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) with regards to assessing LBP and disability. The RDQ was originally designed to be used for primary care research to assess physical disability due to LBP in 1983 by Roland and Morris (Roland and Fairbank 2000).

Phantom Limb Pain. Phantom limb, a common medical issue for amputees, refers to ongoing painful sensations stemming from the location where the limb used to be. About 70 percent of amputee patients experience phantom limb pain and it can be chronic and debilitating. Virtual reality games are used to help alleviate phantom limb pain by picking up on nerve inputs from the brain and using virtual limbs to gain control.

In fact, according to Charles Kaiman in his journal article PTSD in the World War II Combat Veteran, “PTSD is a syndrome of responses to extremely disturbing, often life-threatening events—combat, natural disaster, torture, or rape—that fall outside of usual experience. While not all combat veterans developed PTSD, there’s a correlation between it and combat exposure. In fact PTSD occurs in as many as three out of five combat veterans”(32). Throughout the novel Billy shows signs of suffering with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is known that Billy gets nightmares when he falls asleep an example of this is when he falls asleep in the boxcar in Germany that's taking him to a POW camp, the other prisoners don't want to sleep next to him due to his whimpering and kicking.

According to Buzzle (2012), some common complaints from the patients after the surgery are headache, vomiting, prolonged pain, nausea and more. This is because patients underwent change in their body chemistry during the process which causes the body system to react negatively to the outcome. Another reason is that the process of the surgery requires the use of Anesthesia, which is a temporary state of one’s unconsciousness and this is very risky as Anesthesia is responsible for 34 deaths in United States annually reported by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Cherney, 2014). The second side-effect of

Nurses are continually faced with the challenges of the treating pain. To ensure the best quality of care for patients, nurses need effective knowledge, skills, and attitudes to address pain issues (Stanley & Pollard, 2013). Despite the findings and recommendation of substantial past research, nurses continue to demonstrate inadequate knowledge of pain assessment and pain management interventions (Wells et al., 2008). From reports in the literature, knowledge about pain management and attitudes which underpin nurses’ pain management decisions are problematic. Nurses’ knowledge of the mechanism of pain, pain assessment and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management are essential components in promoting positive patient outcomes (Al Shaer et al., 2011).

Guilt is an emotion that O’Brien wanted to bluntly throw at the reader because the guilt is something a lot of soldiers faced in and out of war. There are multiple examples of the guilt in this book of all the trauma and all the love,the guilt starts to find its way into the characters. Continuing this, O’Brien runs with the psychological theme of guilt, and he does this masterfully. "They carried shame for almost dodging the draft. The weights they carried couldn’t be left behind and for some of the soldiers in O’Brien’s unit, they carried these intangible weights for more than twenty years after returning home from war"(Clark).

BACKGROUND- Clavicle fractures are one of the most common bone injuries seen in adult population. Generally all the fracture clavicles were treated non-surgically by figure-eight bandage and surgical intervention like plating with cortical screws is infrequently required. Non-union rates, strength and endurance deficits are familiar in cases treated conservatively. We evaluated functional and radiological outcomes in non operative versus operative management of fracture clavicle, in patients visiting to orthopedic OPD in a tertiary care hospital in Andhra Pradesh.

The 155 assessment items of FMA is designed to evaluate the improvement of physical function in stroke patients, whereas the recommended test to measure mobility function is the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), which has been widely used in stroke patients. Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) activity measured simultaneously and in execution time is calculated, a score refers to the limited mobility function (Sanford et al, 1993; Hershkovitz and Brill, 2006; Faria et al, 2012). Therefore, it is hypothesized that physical performance (based on Fugl Meyer Assessment) has inverse correlation with mobility function (based on Timed Up and Go Test) in ischemic stroke outpatient, and conducted the present study to know if there is a relationship between physical performance (based on Fugl Meyer Assessment) and mobility function (based on Timed Up and Go Test) in ischemic stroke outpatients.

People affected by shellshock can show symptoms of fatigue, confusion, and nightmares. Shellshock was diagnosed when a soldier was unable to function. Owen was taken out of the war where he began writing poems. He wrote his poems to show both his anger at the cruelty and waste of war. (BBC)

Musculoskeletal pain continue to be substantial setback for public health thus, studies on musculoskeletal symptoms due to schoolbag use have been a subject of interest by many researchers. Musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) can be described as tension, fatigue, soreness, heat or tremor (Van der Grinten and Smitt, 1992), feeling of effort, pressure in muscles, cramps, stiffness, ache, tingling/numbness, etc in muscles or non-muscular tissue (Reenen et al, 2008). Long term MSD or pain may lead to potential chronic pain, injury and stress. These negativities are associated with student’s absenteeism from lessons, low productivity and affects students’ well being and future careers (Alshagga, 2013; Buckle, 2005).

Similar to The Things They Carried, stories told in the film Operation Homecoming prove that some injuries from war can’t heal, no matter what is done. This includes certain wounds from bullets, explosions, or even disease. In Operation Homecoming, soldiers recollect their stories from their military service. These include stories of witnessing death and discomfort overseas, and how this has affected those involved. While this film tells stories of stories involving physical pain, many of the after effects are mental.

As per office notes dated 7/19/16, the patient complains of chronic low back pain at the localized curvature. There is radiating pain, which is increased since the fall. There is limited range of motion. Pain is exacerbated with walking, standing, and sitting. The patient had post lumbar surgery on August 2015.

PBS and Frontline News published several articles covering injuries and mostly concussions in the NFL and how this injury has affected hundreds of players years after their glory days in the league. “NFL Retirement Board rules Mike Webster permanently disabled.” “The NFL Retirement Board rules that Mike Webster’s head injuries from his years playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs left him “totally and permanently” disabled as “the result of head injuries he suffered as a football player.” The head injuries Mike Webster received during his 24 years in the league ended up not only messing him up mentally but most definitely physically later on after his career. Depending on how well you keep your body in shape and how well you are able to prevent as ridiculous as it sounds, head injuries

DOI: 8/15/2016. Patient is a 65-year-old male manager who sustained injury while he was lifting a tire that was lying flat on the ground when he slipped and felt a pull in his back. Per the procedure report dated 10/14/16, the patient had a lumbar trigger point injection. Based on the medical report dated 11/16/16, the patient complains of lower back pain which is sharp, dull and achy in nature. The lower back pain radiates to bilateral side, bilateral hips and bilateral legs.

In the novel The things they Carried By: Tim O’Brien, a major issue the characters struggle with throughout the novel is PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). These drawings represent different flashbacks that soldiers diagnosed with PTSD have encountered such as explosions,near death experience, another soldier 's death, etc. In addition, these illustrations represent situations that soldiers witness and experience during combat. Secondly, these flashbacks that are influenced by PTSD, act as everlasting nightmare that haunts soldiers. In the chapter “Notes” the narrator says “Norman Bowker had three years later hung himself in a YMCA locker room.