2.3. Removal of phenols:
Phenols being toxic and environmentally hazardous components are found in wastewaters of coking plants, phenolic resin production plants etc. [1]. Due to their toxicity the treatment must be accomplished before their solutions can be safely discharged into the water resources. It has been observed that phenol has many adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem even when they are exposed to small concentrations. Reduction in growth, fecundity and maturity index of aquatic animals was observed (by Saha et al.) as a result of exposure to phenol (1.26 mg L−1) for 90 days. Also, mortality of about 0–30% of fathead minnows (freshwater fish) was observed by Becker and Crass when they were exposed for 96 hrs to a concentration ranging from 5.8–8.0 mg L−1 of phenol. Also, phenol involves in a reaction with chlorine while the treatment of municipal water giving chlorophenols as the product, which are carcinogenic in nature [2]. Due to the high toxic nature of phenols, they are subjected to some of the specific regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) asks for lowering the phenol content in potable and mineral waters to about 0.5 ppb, but currently the limits for wastewater discharge are 0.5 ppm for surface waters and 1 ppm for the sewage system [3]. Hence the removal of phenols is a major
…show more content…
Studies show that addition of 0.02% (v/v) of [BMIM]+[PF6]− in membrane phase enhances the emulsion stability by 5 times and this experiment was carried out using Rose Bengal dye to detect the emulsion separation. After selecting the appropriate operating conditions, 99.5% of phenol was found to be removed and more than 90% of chlorophenols were removed from aqueous solutions
Feras Kaid Chem 2415-43 TA: Rio Assessment 1 Conclusion In this lab, there were 4 different distillations that were performed each with the same end goal to separate the two different organic compounds, cyclohexane and toluene. We used the boiling points of the two compounds to separate them using the following 4 techniques: microscale simple distillation, miniscale simple distillation, miniscale fractional packed distillation, and miniscale fractional unpacked distillation. The three different miniscale distillations were used to predict the accuracy of the distillation by comparing them to one other. The most accurate of the three distillations is the miniscale fractional packed distillation because this type uses a Vigreux column instead
Drinking contaminated water can cause different types of cancers and also infertility and birth defects due to of the presence hazardous chemicals. Impoundments that have not been built or properly closed off have led to the death of many animals and also health issues in
The goal of experiment four was to use sodium dichromate to oxidize borneol to camphor. To purify the camphor use sublimation, then reduce camphor to isomeric alcohol isoborneol with sodium borohydride. Use the 1H NMR to determine the ratio of borneol to isoborneol in the final product. The experiment was carried out by using sodium dichromate to oxidize a borneol solution that was made with borneol and ethyl acetate. Once the reaction was complete the mixture was transferred into a separatory funnel where the ether and aqueous layers were separated and the aqueous layer was then extracted with two portions of ether.
“These water bodies supply our drinking water, water for agriculture and manufacturing, offer opportunities for recreation and provide habitat to numerous plants and animals.” Pollution is degrading our waters and one of the best forms to study the change in water quality is testing contaminants in fish that inhabit
In addition, phenolphthalein was added as an indicator. The aliquots were titrated against sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution until end point was reached, after which volume of NaOH consumed was recorded. The value of the rate constant, k, obtained was 0.0002 s-1. The experiment was then repeated with 40/60 V/V isopropanol/water mixture and a larger value of k = 0.0007 s-1 was obtained. We concluded that the rate of hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl is directly proportional to water content in the solvent mixture.
This deprivation of oxygen caused by the pollutants will cause many of the aquatic plants to
In today’s society, pharmaceutical drugs have become an integral part of our daily lives. They are being used for a variety of things that include getting rid of headaches, mood stabilizer, hormonal regulation, treating our livestock and even antidepressants. The use of pharmaceutical drugs has been increasing dramatically, and is constantly being improperly disposed. As a result, the waters are being contaminated, which in turn leads to both public health and environmental hazards. These hazards are not only bad for our health, but create a large economic burden for society.
Leah Romero 10/30/2017 Conclusion Lab 3 Chem 102L In lab 3, fundamentals of chromatography, the purpose was to examine how components of mixtures can be separated by taking advantage of different in physical properties. A huge process in this lab was paper chromatography, which was used to isolate food dyes that are found in different drink mixes. The different chromatograms of FD&C dyes were compared to identify which dyes are present in each of the mixes.
The yellow solution containing the reactants was slowly poured into the beaker containing the cold water and the acid in order to cause the precipitation of the alcohol, 9-fluorenol and to destroy (hydrolyzed) the unreacted excess sodium borohydride. Subsequently, the white precipitate was vacuum filtered and washed twice with 20.0 ml portions of distilled cold water by pouring the liquid into the Buchner Funnel during filtration. It was necessary to wash the alcohol prior to recrystallization considering that the C-OH bond is easily broken by the formation of a stable and benzylic carbocation that favors the synthesis of difluorenyl ether. Finally, before the purification by recrystallization of the obtained product, the white solid alcohol was allowed to dry over a period of a
Water Pollution is a huge environmental problem that has serious effects on marine habitats, animals, and water quality. BP1: The world's marine habitat has been getting worse because of how bad the pollution has gotten. “ Over 80% of marine pollution comes from land based activities “ (source 5 ). This quote explains how most of the water pollution is caused by human activity. “ Plastic litter does not degrade, can be expected to last in the oceans for hundreds of years “ ( source 6 ).
The results of the phenol-sulfuric acid analysis conducted in this experiment suggest that the data acquired was relatively precise but inaccurate with respect to the given carbohydrate concentrations of the soda and Gatorade samples. Using a standard curve generated from a glucose solution with a known concentration, the carbohydrate concentration of the samples was determined (in terms of glucose) and a low coefficient of variation was calculated. However, a high percent relative error was apparent in the analysis of both samples. This may have been due to the fact that the analysis was conducted assuming glucose was the carbohydrate of interest, while, in fact, a significant portion of the monosaccharides would have existed as fructose (a
A Case Study on Polluter’s Dilemma I. Background/Point of View On a small plastic manufacturing, Jonica Gunson works as an environmental compliance manager. The company where she is working with is now facing a serious situation that needs to have a fast and decisive decision, decision whether to invest or not to invest money on new technology that will help decrease or as possible eliminate the level of toxic in the water which is flowing from the back of the factory up to lake. Though the company is compliant with the levels of emissions set by the Environmental Management board, the manager sees that environmental procedures for this specific toxic are sheathing behind logical evidence, particularly that there is a protest from a certain scientist that is publish in the newspaper.
While researching about how pollution affects sea turtles, we faced some issues on finding different types of pollution. As most people know, the plastic waste that is being dumped into the oceans and onto the beaches is becoming a main food source for sea turtles. When sea turtles see this trash, they consume the plastic causing death or severe sickness which has caused this species to become endangered. They also get tangled with the plastic in the ocean restricting them from normal movement and function. During our research, we found that there are more types of pollution affecting sea turtles than just plastic waste in the ocean.
Marine pollution such as presence of organic matter in the ocean can result in the condition known as hypoxia or oxygen depletion and this can have adverse effect on the marine life including plant and animals and fish. Death of these fish can result in loss of millions of US dollars that are generate from the fishing industry. Marine pollution can also result in presence of foul smell resulting from the decomposing sewage being directed to the ocean and this has the effects to hinder recreational activities taking place in the sea as well as cause discomfort and breathing problem to the surrounding population (Laura, 11).marine pollution can also result in danger to human health. The human swimmers and water sport lovers can become endangered by swimming in the polluted marine waters (Laura,
Water is the most important component found on the surface of the earth because it is source of life for living creatures. However, water pollution has become a global concern. Water pollution can have several forms from diverse sources. It is expected that there will be a lack of clean water in next few decades due to pollution. Nile river water in Egypt is the focus of attention of many studies due to many reasons.