General Overview:
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450-1789 (New York: Cambridge University Press 2013), 23-24. Sandra Sider, Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe (New York: Facts On File 2005), 119-232.
Larissa Taylor, Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage (Brill 2009). Early Modern Europe 1450-1789, provides a general overview on the life, and impact of pilgrims had on culture and the economy in their travels around the world. This source provides a background prior Renaissance era, but still allows us to understand and analyze changes in culture leading up to the 17th century through other sources. Christian pilgrimages were primarily motivated by holy sites such as Canterbury, Jerusalem, and Santiago de Compostela. These travelers encouraged the establishment of inns, hostels, and shops along the routes encouraging economic growth and business. Pilgrims often undertook great risk in pursuing these sites, and it was not uncommon for them to fall victim to the religious turmoil of foreign nations. Similar to the text book written by Wiesner-Hanks, Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage, focuses of the events leading up to
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The central question to this article is how did the English reformation impact pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. This article analyzes the account of Richard Guldeford’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
Rehav Rubin, “One City, Different Views: A Comparative Study of Three Pilgrimage Maps of Jerusalem,” Journal of Historical Geography 32 (2006): 267-290. Although this article has a more geographical approach, it does provide an interesting analysis on the depictions Jerusalem. The article analyzes how the Holy City was viewed through the eyes of different pilgrims compared to other travelers, despite their
As Tyerman succinctly comments, “ceremonies acted as media for information [and] exhortation” and resembled immense significance in a highly illiterate society. This viewpoint justifies Urban’s confidence in the council’s impact which strengthened his authority in Christendom, and explains the motive of his fourteen-month speech tour that covered southern, central, western and south-eastern France. This moreover demonstrated his personal ambition to restore papal authority in all levels of Christendom. Urban understood that his contribution could boost his reputation and popularity among supportive Christians. As Henry’s powers declined, Urban’s personal ambitions and pursuit of the Gregorian reform constructed a suitable setting for a crusade in
Before reading Julie Kerr’s examination into the curious, and perilous dangers that were faced within monastic wall, it would be natural to assume that this is a topic that needs no investigation. This presumption is quickly overturned within the brief, but completely entertaining, Health and Safety in the Medieval Monasteries of Britain. Kerr dives into the world of these monks, and gives us a small glimpse into the many hazards that they faced throughout their work. Not only does Kerr’s work give an amusing look into the incidences and accidents within monastic life, but also demonstrated the fragility of life within Medieval Britain regardless of vocation. Kerr divides these into categories of discussion such as, incidents of self-affliction, construction accidents, and simple missteps, but all show that within Medieval Britain, there were many dangers outside of the routinely researched plagues and epidemics.
He also told about what group of people was involved. At first, I was a little confused about the order in which he was doing, such as Reston would use each man point of view every two chapters and then return to the other. He stayed very persistent with this. I enjoy being able to visualize each place he named such as Tyre, Acre and Jerusalem. He added maps that noted the Crusade pilgrimage to the Holy land with cities, rivers, and port.
In the 1600’s England was ruled by King Charles 1 whom was set on enforcing his religious views upon his people. These views were carried out through the Church of England. In an effort to escape the persecution and corruption in which they found themselves, two groups broke away from the church and fled the country. These groups consisted of the puritans and the pilgrims. They came to explore, to make money, to spread and exercise their religion freely, and to live on land of their own.
Implies that Peter the Hermit attempted to convert Kerbogha to Christianity. However, Cutler’s states that scholars have questioned, “whether we can know anything at all about what went on between Peter and Kerbogha.” The author attempts to prove that conversion was a primary topic during Peter the Hermit’s embassy with Kerbogha. He cites four early primary sourced documents. Regrettably, there is nothing to support Cutler’s premise that the First Crusade was not only a mission of war, but also one of religious conversion.
In the chapter, “Crusading at Home”, Madden does a good job of describing the difficulty of converting Crusader zeal to domestic problems. However, he reminds us also that in the sixteenth century Pope Leo X “was so involved in preserving Christendom from the dire threat to the East that he failed to recognize the greater danger from within (Madden, 209).” Both examples help the reader understand a perspective that is dealing with an issue at the time and not from a historian knowing what the outcome was centuries
It covers the Black Death, the Hundred Years War, uprisings, the Great Schism, and much more. This book is also a very important contribution to knowledge of the 14th and 15th century, it gives important information easily and clearly. Fact and opinion are very distinguishable between each other; Tuchman does a very good job giving facts, which are easy to tell apart from opinions, and are accurate. She also gives extra information by including both sides of issues, instead of the usual one sided argument.
Thereon, these Puritans continued to live their way of life of hard work to reach their salvation. Unfortunately, not many of these Puritans survive, but by 1630 a great migration of Puritans arrived. This great migration was led by John Winthrop and was motivated to find a place where they can practice their religion. During the travel, Winthrop delivered the sermon “A Model of Christian Charity” in which he states that they had made a covenant with God, in which it would make them succeed if they keep his commitment with him by making a “City upon a Hill”. In other words, they have to make a colony where they would become a model to all the nations of Europe, to show them what a properly reformed Christian commonwealth should look like(2), “the eyes of all people are upon us”.
"The Murder of Charles the Good." Readings in Medieval History. 4th ed. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press, 2010. 382-93. Print.
The Mediterranean in the Medieval period has been vastly ignored in textbooks. However, this lack allows for there to be a creation of a new textbook to address the importance and noteworthy contributions of the Medieval Mediterranean. One primary source that would prove to be insightful in a textbook on the subject is “The Monk Bernard’s Journey to Jerusalem” in this the Monk Bernard tells about his ‘pilgrimage’ to holy sites in the Middle East. This text while also being one of the first of its kind also gave travelers an idea of what to expect if they did decide to journey on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem or the surrounding lands (Dutton, Introduction). Bernard in his details about his travels with fellow monks would make a great addition to
The journal article “The Siege of Lisbon and the Second Crusade” written by Alan Forey questions the validity of St. Bernard’s letter 308 and the significance of the “Lisbon letter.” Some historical analyses of the letters imply that St. Bernard provided prior knowledge to Portugal’s King Afonso Henriques regarding the northern fleet’s siege of Lisbon in 1147. Forey opens his essay by questioning the authenticity of letter 308 by writing “This letter first appears in Brito’s Chronica de Cister, published in 1602: and it is generally accepted that this work is based partly on documents which are not genuine.” St. Bernard was a key figure in promoting, recruiting Christian warriors, and fulling the papacy’s desires regarding the Second Crusade.
In the article, “Crusading Warfare and its Adaptation to Eastern Conditions in the Twelfth Century”. John France argues that, in the holy land, the Europeans modified their style of warfare considerably. Due to our overestimation of the role of cavalry, and a failure to appreciate how it was used in Europe, we have misunderstood much about warfare in Europe. (France, 49) France examines how cavalry, infantry and fortifications were used in the Western, Middle Eastern and Frankish styles of warfare, and why it was necessary to modify their approaches regarding battle.
FROISSART’S CHRONICLES This paper will discuss the view of Jean Froissart (c. 1337-1410), his place in history as well as his weaknesses and strengths. Froissart’s Chronicles is his best known work and looks at a period in European history during the first half of the Hundred Years War, which was a war between England and France that took place from 1337 to 1453. Froissart was a Frenchman, born in Valenciennes, which is now a part of Belgium, but he also spent some time serving in the English court among nobility.1 Froissart was neutral in his account of the events of the Hundred Years’ War.
Peter Hagendorf’s diary chronicles his experiences throughout Europe as a mercenary for several different armies during the Thirty Years’ War. The diary is linear in form and records events from 1629 to 1649, excluding information from the first eleven years of the war. … This essay will discuss several passages from Peter Hagendorf’s diary and what can be discerned from it regarding the Thirty Years’ War as a conflict devoid of law and order resulting in the destruction of cities and settlements across Europe and the maltreatment of citizens by the armies involved. Hagendorf’s account of events occurring at Landshut is particularly unsettling.
Leonardo Da Vinci 's The Last supper is a popular work of art that is Da Vinci 's rendition of the last supper as told in the bible. This paper will include an in depth visual analysis of the painting as it appeared on the original canvas. The paper will also address the cultural and religious significance of this work of art in that time period. I chose to do the analysis on The Last Supper because it is an artwork that i have seen many times in my life, but oddly enough do not know a lot about. In this paper i plan to not only inform you , but inform myself on the many aspects of The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci.