Pla Microsphere Lab Report

However, the gel at lowest concentration cannot withstand wear tear and very fragile. Several variable influences the immobilization yield in alginate bead which are concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride and curing time. The shape of beads perfectly spherical is due to high viscosity at higher concentrations vice versa at lower concentrations. The droplet fall easier into the CaCl2 solution when at lower concentrations compared to the high concentrations of sodium

Ionic liquids can produce higher ionic strength in solution medium and it is a possible reason for decreasing of solubility in acidic medium whenever CVD is fully ionized. Similar pattern is observed in solubility studies of CVD and corresponding IL forms in HCl 0.1 M and 0.01 M. However, solubility was considerably improved in compared with HCl 0.1 M, 0.2 M). It could be related to the low concentration of chloride ion. The maximum solubility was observed in CVD because in this pH, it is fully ionized and ionic strength in compared with CVD is less than CVD’s ionic

Rf is equal to the distance traveled by the substance divided by the distance traveled by the solvent. Since the solvent used in the developing chamber was hexanes—a non-polar molecule— the more nonpolar the substance was, the stronger it would stick to the plate. This means that the more polar a pigment was, the higher it climbed on the TLC plate and would therefore have a larger Rf. There are 3 major classes of pigments present in spinach: carotenes, xanthophylls, and chlorophylls. Since the solvent is nonpolar, we would expect carotene to have the lowest Rf, then xanthophylls, and chlorophylls would have the highest.

The second generation analogue is carboplatin this is much less reactive than cisplatin and shows less toxicity. a drawback would be that it is administered intravenously and acts on the same tumour range as cisplatin. [11] It has lessened side effects could be due to the bidentate carboxylate in place of the two chloride ions. The bidentate carboxylate ligand undergoes hydrolysis much slower than the chlorides, it undergoes a double hydration prior to interaction with DNA[12] This would result in a slower reactivity towards the molecules that are contesting with the final biological target

Two significant facts about the mercury compound found in Thimerosal make it safer; the incredibly small concentration of mercury, and the use of the ethylmercury. Firstly, the highest concentration of thimerosal that is used in vaccine preservations is only 0.01%, meaning that only 25 micrograms of mercury are present per 0.5 mL dose.That is extremely inconsequential when compared to the real sources of mercury pollution; air and water emissions from gold-mining Chloralkali plants and the discharge of dental amalgams. This small amount of mercury is also less likely to make its way into the environment in the first place, due to the nature of vaccines as a product to not be so easily discarded in the environment, in contrast to mercury products such as batteries. Secondly, the use of methylmercury means that subsequent pollution of the environment with the drug will not lead to bioaccumulation, (the presence of large amounts of pollutants in top consumers of the food chain) in ecosystems. This is because, unlike other types of mercury compounds like methylmercury, ethylmercury can clear through the bloodstream extremely quickly, meaning that pollution of the environment with Thimerosal will not lead to negative effects on the tertiary consumers of ecosystems (such as large fish).

This is highly expected because the solution only contains DI water, with a neutral pH value of 7. The second unbuffered solution is the most acidic since it obtains the strong acid, HCl. Additionally, because it is a strong acid, it should dissociate completely. With a measured pH of 1.77, a calculated pH of 1.2, and a percent error of 32.2%, it undeniable that there were errors during the computations. The third unbuffered solution is the most basic as a result of containing the strong base, NaOH.

3) Extraction of lithium from salt lake brine and seawater is one of the main sources of lithium production. Lithium has similar ionic size as magnesium; making is difficult to separate lithium from magnesium. Magnesium ions prohibit lithium chloride formation, which is the first step in production of lithium carbonate desired product. Removal of magnesium decreases the Mg/Li ratio in brine and facilitates lithium extraction and makes it economical

There are few number of advantages and disadvantage of water fluoridation that are commonly mentioned by people. Firstly, above all things, it lessen the chance of tooth decay. Cavities and tooth decay reduced very significantly up to ninety percent, only by drinking fluoridated water. This achievement of fluoridated water in also considered as one of the top 10 achievements of 20th century (Nutrition Articles and Infographics, 2014). In addition, fluoridated water is completely safe for humans if it controlled at below recommended levels.

It was able to support itself as a thin sheet, but easily fragmented when a small force was applied. 3mL of 2M Sodium Hydroxide and 1mL of water, effectively 4mL of 1.5M Sodium Hydroxide, was added to a small amount of Indigo, forming a paste. Sodium Hydrosulphite the acted as a reducing agent, converting Indigo into Leucoindigo, an acidic phenolic compound that reacts with hydroxide ions provided by Sodium Hydroxide to form a water-soluble salt. The solution turns colourless, and the dying process can begin. A 60°C water bath was chosen as Sodium Hydrosulphite will decompose into Sodium Sulfate and Sulfur Dioxide in presence of air at 90°C.

4. The water transport in the hydrogel, in particular, is closely related to the free water content. In the hydrogel, the free water is different from bound water and half-bound water, which has a very high degree of freedom and easy to be lost. Fig. 4 shows that the decrease in weight is nearly linear with time up to 4 h and thereafter does not change significantly.

Chloroform is considered to be an organic nonpolar solvent with a fairly low solubility in water of 8 mg/mL at temperature of 20 degrees celsius. However, due to its slight polarity, it retains the ability to dissolve compounds ranging from moderately polar to moderately nonpolar. Worldwide, chloroform is also used in pesticide formulations, as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, and resins. Chloroform is a common solvent because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently

This product is a good choice to buy and it is a healthy choice. Something similar to smart water is Eternal Naturally Alkaline Water. Eternal Water is Naturally Alkaline, which means the water pH is in a basic state, ranging from 7.8 - 8.2. Naturally Alkaline is rare and unique which has underground spring sources that are Naturally Alkaline. The mineral properties of the water are not artificially manipulated.

Hydrogen chloride has a very powerful smell. It is in the form of a gas but only when it is at room temperature which is approximately 25 Celsius and when the pressure is high. When you add water to hydrogen chloride then it breaks down into small pieces which are known as dissolving. The solubility of hydrogen chloride is very high this means that it can dissolve in water quickly because it dissolves many times in its own solution (the gas form of hydrogen chloride). It is very soluble because the smaller the chain of the molecules are then the energy will be required in small quantities however if the chain is long then it will need more energy so that means that the longer chain will have a slow reaction.