Planar Motion

With the rising popularity of sports; hockey, football, and, skiing, the Medial Cruciate Ligament of the knee, is the top-rated injury of the ligaments in the knee. It doesn’t necessarily have to include sports, but rather focuses on the valgus stress or force to the knee. A valgus force is blow with a severe force to the lateral portion of the knee, and is paired with the term sprain. The MCL constricts abduction of the knee, and constricts external rotation of the tibia on the femur. With this, the medical cruciate ligament functions to stabilize the knee against lateral or valgus forces.

Genu Recurvatum, otherwise known as back knee, is hyperextension of the knee. Hyperextension of the knee occurs when the knee joint passes more than 180 degrees. When this happens, the knee can usually pass about 10 to 15 degrees more than the standard degree (Anonymous, 2015). Here, the femur bone leans on the anterior part of the tibia instead of being balanced out (Loudon, Goist, Loudon, 1998). This could cause damage to the soft tissue around it, and increased stress on the knees. Genu Recurvatum can happen in many ways, the most common being genetic (Speck, 2014). There are three types of genu recurvatum; internal rotary deformity recurvatum, external rotary deformity recurvatum, and non-rotatory deformity recurvatum. Each type could lead

2. What is the importance of the area of the fracture? What type of cells are found in this area? What type of growth occurs in this area? (6 points)

Range of motion exercises. With the help of your therapist and props, such as towels and stability balls, you will be instructed to move your leg and knee into many specific positions to strengthen it and help train you how to keep your knee stable without the use of the torn ligament.

In addition, if the quadriceps and gastrocnemius are firing at full strength then there is an increased anterior tibial translation therefore placing increased stress on the ACL because there is not protection from the soleus. Likewise, if there is a hamstring strain then a similar cascade of events will occur. The hamstrings will not fire at full strength which increases shear force on the ACL. If there happens to be both a soleus and hamstring strain then there is very minimal protection to the ACL because neither of the protective muscles are firing at full strength to prevent anterior tibial

The knee joint is one of the strongest and most important joints in the human body. It allows the lower leg to move relative to the thigh while supporting the body’s weight (Taylor, n.d.) as knee joint is one of the major weights bearing joint in the body. Knee joint plays an important role in our daily lives such as walking, running, sitting and standing. It allows physiological movement such as flexion and extension. The knee joint is also known as tibiofemoral joint. It is a synovial hinge joint formed between three bones which are the femur, tibia and patella (Taylor, n.d.). There are two rounded, convex processes which are known as condyles on the distal end of the femur. The distal end of the femur meets two rounded, concave condyles at the proximal end of the tibia (Tyalor, n.d.). A thick, triangular bone which is known as patella lies anterior surface between the femur and tibia.

The symptoms can vary and the symptoms can worse on some days and not really noticeable on others. If the condition is serious, the pain may not go away and it may affect you in your everyday life. For example, it may stop you from sleeping through the night and could cause difficulties when trying to carry out daily tasks like climbing

The aim of this review paper is to access the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee (tibiofemoral) joint, which is a common sport and exercise injury related to the musculoskeletal system. Investigation of the anatomy and physiology of the knee joint, and the diagnosis, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of ACL injuries will provide a descriptive epidemiology. This will aid readers in making informed management and treatment decisions, and guide them to safely perform movements to prevent injury. This review paper will incorporate holistic views on relevant scientific research, including primary resources such as journal articles and lecture notes, which will be cross-referenced

- Maintain boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce themselves, and grow.

Identify the best radiological evaluation method for any of the following: Impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and biceps tendon tear.

The focus of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of task specific gait training compared to standard prosthetic gait training in reducing falls in individuals with a lower extremity amputation. The fall risk for individuals with a lower extremity amputation is comparable to that of individuals with balance impairments. Reported incidences of falls are 20% to 32% during rehabilitation and 52% within the community (). There can be many causes for a lower extremity amputation, the most common being poor circulation due to the damaging or narrowing of the arteries also known as peripheral artery disease. Other causes include trauma, tumors in the muscle or bone, infection and neuroma. The intervention investigated is task specific gait

One of the most important contributions made to the science of evolution by Charles Darwin is the concept of natural selection. The idea that members of a species compete with each other for resources and that individuals that are better adapted to their lifestyle have a better chance of surviving to reproduce revolutionized the field of evolution (Darwin, 1859), in addition The theory of natural selection is conditions of a habitat will 'naturally select ' individuals who are best adapted to that specific environment. Those individuals are more likely to grow to adulthood and reproduce. In short, sexual selection will vary according to environmental conditions. though it was not accepted until several decades after Darwin first proposed it

Patellar dislocation and patellar subluxation are injuries that happen when the kneecap (patella) slips out of its normal position in a groove in the end of the thighbone (femur). In a patellar dislocation, the kneecap slips all the way out of the groove. In a patellar disoclation, it slips partly out of the goove.

Most athletes that were catchers will tell you that they would never trade their experiences catching, however, the excessive squatting required in the position often leaves long-term injuries on their knees. Many parents encourage their children to try other positions because of the risks of catching later in life. The catcher is an essential part of baseball and softball, so, without them the game would change completely. The need for the athlete outweighs the risks of the job.

Inverted pendulum models can be used to explore how CNS controls balance [3]. For skeletal section the human body is approximated and simplified as a single segment, single joint inverted pendulum that rotates about the ankle joint [20]. One reason for this choice of the model is that experimental observations suggest that, for small postural deviations, there is very little (ankle strategy), if any, knee and hip angular motion (i.e., the knee and hip are locked, and they are in full extension.)