General introduction Plant biotechnology includes not only modern but also age-old methods so as to manipulate the organisms for human needs. In this context, biotechnology can be defined as the applications of indigenous and scientific knowledge to the management of microorganisms or cells/tissues of higher organisms or their parts for the benefit of human beings (Verpoorte, 2002; Vanisree, 2004). Karl Ereky (1917) who coined the term biotechnology stated that all types of works are biotechnology by which products are produced from raw materials using living organisms (Edreva, 2008). Plants are ‘The soul of life’: Plants are essential to the balance of nature and our sustenance. Plants are the ultimate source of food and metabolic energy
DNA replication process It is the process which DNA make copy of itself during cell division. 1. In DNA replication is unzip double helix structure of DNA molecule. 2. This replication is carried out by enzyme called helicase which break the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together {A with T, C with G}.
Evaluation and Determination of Tensile Force of Saffron Flower for Mechanical Harvesting MansourehPourjafar Higher Educational Complex of Saravan, Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. E-Mail: m.s.pourjafar@gmail.com Abstract According to the production of more than 90% of saffron in Iran, any study in order to progress in the field of mechanical harvesting and increase the quality of this product, seems to be logical and economical. Mechanical harvesting of saffron is needed to determine the required force for picking. Therefore, picking force of flowers was carried out in three different fields. In each field, the measurement was performed for 10 flowers by appropriate equipments.
(BIONET) 2. The copies of the gene is made, this is called PCR. (BIONET) 3. Then the plant is “transformed” by three possible ways: soil bacteria, using a gene gun, or protoplast (preventing the DNA from entering the cell). (BIONET) 4.
- Transformation : it’s the process when bacterial cell are able to uptake the free DNA from their environment example : B. subtilis is an important for bacterial genetic study but they are not naturally competent , and the transform of these stain is possible only by highly unnatural means such as protoplast electroportion . - Conjugation : the process where bacterial cell transfer of plasmid and possibly genomic sequences from one cell to another cell by using a special structure called pilus . example : homoplasmid segregants , Bacteria can transfer genetic material, and thus drug resistance, to other bacteria via conjugation.. Main
Transformation via microinjection consists of introducing DNA into the nucleus or cytoplasm through a glass microcapillary-injection pipette. The pipettes help in holding and immobilizing the cells while exogenous DNAs are being introduced into the nucleus. ( MONIKA RAKOCZY-TROJANOWSKA,2002). Step 1. Isolation of Evacuolated protoplast Evacuolated protoplasts were isolated from a cell line of P. hybrida Vilm.
Synthetic version of gene encoding variant of LT-B is synthesized, as is the version of S protein of TGEV. Horizontal gene transfer is used in order to introduce the plasmids into the maize. This is carried out by using Agrobacterium. This is carried out with zygotic embryos taken from the ear of the maize plant. After incubation period the embryos are allowed to germinate and sown to produce T1 seeds.
What are genes? A gene is a piece of DNA that codes for RNA molecules. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process where humans alternate the genome of organisms using biotechnological processes. It allows scientists to transfer genes from one organism to the next.
Dylin Myers Ms. Rothel Accelerated Biology 22 September 2014 Germination Lab Purpose- The purpose of this experiment is to test the differences of plant growth between areas that have access to light and to those who do not. Research- A seed is, ”a flowering plant 's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant” (dictionary.com). Germination is, “the stage in which a germ or a living thing starts to sprout, grow and develop” (biology-online.org). A cotyledon is, “the primary or rudimentary leaf of the embryo of a seed plant that either remains in the seed or emerges upon seed germination; a modified leaf that is part of the plant embryo within the seed; a seed leaf” (biology-online.org). Many things go into triggering germination such as nutrients, and some non-nutrient chemicals.
Genetically modified crops are the leading agricultural food products not only in the Philippines but, mostly worldwide. It is now known that there are several mechanisms for DNA transfer. Genetically modified food are plants that have been generated in a laboratory by altering and changing their genetic makeup and have been tested in the laboratory for aimed qualities .This is usually done by adding one or more gene(s) in a plant’s genome using genetic engineering techniques. Plants are modified for insect, fungal, viral or herbicide resistance, for changed nutritional content, improved taste, and also for improved storage life. Genetically modified organisms is an organism which genetic materials had been altered using