Plant Quarantine Act

Exclusion is one of the strategies of plant disease management, which prevents the entrance and establishment of the disease-causing agent (pathogen) into a non-infested area. The principle of exclusion is to prevent the spreading of the communicable disease among the living organisms such as plants animals or even human beings. Human being has been practiced this principle of exclusion a long time before the germ theory was ever accepted. Many years ago, visitors in city gates have been excluded and checked for bubonic plague and other communicable diseases and ships were detained and quarantine for about 40 days for detecting the signs of latent small pox, cholera and other diseases. Today, quarantine refers to a law that restrict the movement

In 1905, The US government passed the federal quarantine legislation for the first time for insect, but not for pathogens. Due to the devastating conditions from the introduction of chestnut blight, gypsy moth, and white pine blister rust, the US government decided to implement a Plant Quarantine Act in 1909 and passed in 1912, and then this act has been revised several times as per condition changes. Now, Plant Quarantine Act has 15 sections dealing with different aspect such as authority, certification, public hearing, violations, and penalties. The federal regulations and revision concerning quarantines are published in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) containing 50 titles dealing with all aspects of the federal government of the US. In which, chapter 3 of title 7 deals with the plant quarantines measures. Federal Horticultural Board was the first agency responsible for administering plant quarantine and later became Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI). After the BPI changed into Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (BEPQ) and now finally known as Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Due to the potential threat of bioterrorism after September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, a portion of APHIS is under Depart of Homeland

Domestic quarantine was one of the first federal quarantine, which prohibited the movement 5- needle pine and Ribes species thorough out the United States (west of Mississippi River including MN) and another was citrus canker in 1915 after epidemic on citrus nursery orchards in Florida. Golden nematode, a serious pest of potato production in the world so United States prohibited the importation of potato particularly from all the Europe since 1912. The Plant Projection and Quarantine (PPQ), a branch of APHIS is responsible for inspecting and certifying the plant and plant products and issue a Federal Phytosanitary Certificate (FPC). The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), sponsored by Food and Agriculture (FAO) provides international cooperation to control international spread of plant pathogen and