omain: EurkaryaKingdom: Plants
Characteristic
Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic autotroph. Land plants are said to be closely related to present day charophyte, and can help us connect plants to some algae. Charophytes is an organism that is a type of fresh water algae. Plants have distinctive traits that relate to charophytes, thus suggesting that the land plants have derived from algae. They contain rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins; they contain structure-flagellated sperm, and form phragmoplast (Reece et al. p.614). Plants have five specific traits that are only found in land plants and not in the charophyte. There are some key traits that only belong to plants such as; alternations of generation, multicellular, dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametagia, and apical meristems (Reece et. al 2014).
Most plants are known as either nonvascular plants or vascular plants. Nonvascular plants are called bryophyte and can be represented by liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These types of plants release spores to get to the bud of the plant and the sperm as to swim throughout the film of moister to reach the egg in order to reproduce.
Vascular plants
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Some of the earliest fungi had these flagella. Fungi is a very diverse and widespread organism, it is heterotrophic, multicellular filaments, and yeasts. Fungi’s structure contains hyphae, individual feathery filaments; it also has mycelium, meaning a spongy feeling. They lack stems, leaves, and roots and fungi can grow in any direction. It also has a cell wall made of chitin. Fungi are quite different from algae, plants, and animals. Fungi cannot make their own food and do not ingest their food, they absorbs nutrients from the environment that is outside of its body. There are three major phyla of fungi, the zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes (Reece et al. p.
The ambrosia beetle used in this experiment will be Euwallacea sp, otherwise known as the PSHB jeopardizing many tree species in Southern California. Two tree species will be used in this experiment. Koelreuteria paniculata, the golden-rain tree, will be used as an example of a gumming tree and Persea americana, the avocado tree, will be used as the positive control for this experiment as it is a known species of tree endangered by the PSHB/Fusarium complex. The negative control would be a healthy, uninfected golden-rain tree. A total of 26 trees of each species will be assessed in order to perform reliable statistical analyses on the results obtained and to maintain a controlled number of specimens to ensure repeatability and reliability: 25 of each tree will be directly involved in the experiment and 1 of each will be the positive and negative controls.
Douglas-fir and red alder have seeds that use wings, signifying the use of the wind as a method of seed dispersal. Both trees have seeds than are covered in a seed coat and have nutrient reserves. Gymnosperms, however, have a large megagametophye, which is the haploid nutritional tissue. Angiosperms typically have a smaller megagametophye, that later develops into an endosperm (red alder, however, does not have an endosperm). When seeds germinate, general 4 steps usually occur first: 1) Imbibition, when seeds swells with water and the seed coat ruptures 2) Metabolism increases.
The Botany of Desire is a non-fiction book written by Michael Pollan. The publication date was in the year of 2007 and is a 245 paged book. The Botany of Desire is a book that talks about four different plants. In my opinion, this book was very worth reading. They manipulate human senses such as sweetness, beauty, intoxication, and control.
“How Flowers Changed the World” by Loren Eiseley Summary In “How Flowers Changed the World” by Loren Eiseley is described the Earth as a barren. Deserted planet hundred million years ago, just likes Mars. After millions of years, a new greener Earth presence appeared on the platforms of the continent and there were still no flowers at all. About one hundred million years ago, “just a short time before the close of the Age of Reptiles” (360) there occurred a “violent explosion” (360) a mystery happened.
The interesting question scientists raised is, can we relate to them? The answer is ‘yes’. For instance, the genes necessary to tell a plant whether it is light or dark, time cell division, and promote the proper functioning of the immune system are contained within the human genome as well. (Armstrong) “People have to realize that plants are complex organisms that live rich, sensual lives.” (Scientific American) Plants smell, taste, feel pain, have memory, and communicate.
Fitting the pieces of corroboration on how the flowers changed the world, a critique The essay “How Flowers Changed the World” is a popular excerpt from The Immense Journey, written by American natural science writer, Loren Eiseley that discusses the significance of the rise of flowers on the evolution of living organisms. Eiseley implied that flowers carry many different significant attributes to the growth of living organisms may it be for animals, for other plants, and for humankind. Loren Eiseley discussed that during the first ages, plants were dependent on water for their growth that led many swamps and watercourses surrounding the earth with the vast and bare land. Moreover, as these plants may adapt these conditions, it can be deemed normal;
1) Plants have evolved many ways in which they can survive well on land. a) Identify three changes that had to occur for plants to move from a life mostly in water to a life on land. Three changes that had to occur for the plants to move from aquatic to terrestrial life are the following: Body support: In water, the plants are buoyant and the effect of gravity on them is minimal. The reason of developing rigid stem is to support the plants in a way that it can grow higher above the land.
However, after investigation through gel electrophoresis, the three kinds of plants were not identical. This relates to the
Hypothetical Method in Action: “The Intelligent Plant” The article, “The Intelligent Plant” by Michael Pollan, explores the intricate ways of plants and the human understanding of how they function without a neurological brain. It navigates the questions of whether plants can think, learn, be conscious, or feel pain, citing several studies and experiments conducted to prove these concepts. One mentioned study conducted by Monica Gagliano focused on the Mimosa pudica, a plant species with observable reaction speeds, to test the ability of plants to learn. Pollan used this and other experiments to prove plants exhibit intelligent behavior.
The Botany of Desire is a science novel written by Michael Pollan. This book explores the idea that throughout history, humans have been manipulated by plants. As humans we think that since we are the highest on the food chain, we domesticate and control all other living things. Michael Pollan challenges that idea and questions if plants have been evolving to meet our human desires, solidifying the plants survival. He examines four plants and the human desires that they satisfy; the apple for sweetness, tulip for beauty, marijuana for intoxication, and potatoes for control.
In the ‘Botany of Desire”, the author Michael Pollan introduced us a new perspective of relationship between human and plants. Especially in the potato chapter, Pollan focuses on interaction between human and potatoes in historical and modern perspectives, and points out human’s desire to control the earth. Pollan introduces the ideas of polyculture and monoculture to readers, and then he references to historical events for both ideas. He also focuses on the modern approach to potatoes agriculture, which includes GMO, traditional, and organic farming. The most striking strategy is Pollan’s comparison of the agricultural methods on planting potatoes throughout history.
Fungi, is also an example of microbial life. They are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes and are made up of a mass of threadlike hyphae forming mycelium. The cell wall are made from chitin. A mushroom is an example of
Rebecca Dwyer 215 033 159 “The Advantages of a Dominant Sporophyte over a Dominant Gametophyte” It is commonly known by most people that the planet that humans call home is inhabited by many other diverse forms of life. Further than this, it is evident that a large percentage of these life forms are plants. This could be seen as a slight paradox- plants can be considered more primitive than animals, because they are incapable of movement in order to escape from predation, or to reach close contact distance with other organisms for the purpose of reproduction. How then, one could ask, has the survival of the plant kingdom been so successful?
The mold that usually grows on bread includes Penicillium and Rhizopus. Mould is a form of fungi, fungi can be defined as any of a diverse group of organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing the host as they
Introduction Plants are a major necessity in the balance of nature, people’s lives, and our terrain. We may not realize it, but plants are the ultimate source of food for almost 95% of the world population so says the National Group of Food. It’s a fact that over 7,000 species of plants are being consumed today. Plants are one of the reasons that we get clean water; as they help regulate the water cycle.