1.3 Literature Review

1.3 Literature Review Pneumonia Morbidity and Mortality burden among under- five children Morbidity: Incidence and Prevalence The rate of new pneumonia infections is high among children aged less than five years worldwide. The 2012 -Bulletin of world health organization (WHO) reported that 0.26 episodes per child-year of pneumonia was estimated worldwide with the significant variation in the incidence of pneumonia across WHO regions .The incidence of pneumonia infection estimated in developing countries by the same report to be 0.29 episodes in developing countries, which can be translated to about 151.76 million deaths annually (8). In Ethiopia ,there are very few studies carried out so far on the prevalence of pneumonia and its

The 2008 WHO report showed there were 389,000 under five deaths, of which 22% were due to pneumonia. In 2010, pneumonia was responsible for 21% of all under five deaths in the country 5, only one percent reduction over the 4 years period. According to the recent 2014 countdown to 2015 report , however, the toll of under- five pneumonia deaths has supposedly plummeted to 18% ,which is among the highest even compared to the load in the majority of African countries. Nonetheless, there are only scant source of data on this problem locally. For instance, a case control study in Gilgel Gibe revealed that 42% of post neonatal and 22.6% of neonatal mortality were attributable to pneumonia (16).
Determinants of under- five pneumonia
Socio demographic characteristics
Both the incidence of and mortality from pneumonia widely vary across the age of the child where children younger than 2 years of age disproportionately bear about 81% of the overall under- five pneumonia morbidity burden (17) .
There is also evidences on the difference in incidence of pneumonia between boys and girls, with the higher episodes of pneumonia occurred among boys ( 8). However, this result is in contrary to other finding where gender of the child did not affect the occurrence of child hood pneumonia (17). Being the socio cultural factor, birth order is among the lists of

it will also uses the government in general and the District Health Bureau in particular need to have scientific bases on the prevalence and possible risk factors of the diseases to start on effective strategy. Also, the result will be used as baseline information for further large scale studies on the same problem. In addition to this the study will also supply valuable information so as to tackle the problem in the long run. Generally, the purpose of this study is to know prevalence, risk factors and to set interventions of u-5 pneumonia in the