VIROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
NAME: VICTORIA MOFOPEFOLUWA THOMAS
STUDENT ID: 01161807
TRIMESTER: BASIC SCIENCE 7
DATE: 26TH MARCH 2018
TOPIC: THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POLIO INFECTION AND THE CHALLENGES FACED WITH THE GLOBAL AMBITION OF COMPLETELY ERRADICATING POLIO DISEASE DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE.
INTRODUCTION
Polio which is also known as infantile paralysis or poliomyelitis is a very contagious viral infection caused by the polio virus, it spreads from person to person and can lead to breathing difficulties, paralysis as well as death.
Polio can either be symptomatic or asymptomatic as a large number of people with polio do not show any symptoms. it can also be further classified as paralytic
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This important fact leaves underdeveloped regions at risk.
After a close study of the progress made towards global eradication of polio, it can be deduced that improved sanitation played an essential role in the eradication of polio in the United States of America (USA) in the 1960s, when only half of the population was immunized. [Rana M.] In comparison an examination of the continuous spread of the disease in the remaining 3 endemic countries and a noted similarity among these countries is the alarming rate of poverty, ignorance as well inadequacy of sanitation infrastructure. lack of adequate awareness concerning the polio virus, risk factors as well as the benefits of vaccination in combating polio remains an issue despite the long and tedious journey to global eradication, irrespective of the awareness various governments and non-governmental organizations have tried to create, certain religious or traditional sects have teachings against some health practices which include vaccination. It is also important to know that immunity against the virus is unachievable without efficient
Dr. Leonard Hayflick lived in Philadelphia during the 1946 Polio epidemic. He was a teenage boy who would soon grow up loving microbiology and wanting to make a career out of it. He enrolled at Penn University, where he was taking classes like math, chemistry, and zoology. One course in particular that stood out to Dr. Hayflick was bacteriology. Bacteriology is now known as microbiology, the study of viruses, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms.
Polio is an infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system. The year 1950, a year before Henrietta Lacks died, was the peak of the polio
John Salamone’s son was one of these children. His son received the vaccine in 1990 and “two weeks after the visit, the Salamones noticed something was wrong with their son” (Offit, 2011, 78). Salamone says, “Then we found out that there were a number of kids every year who were getting polio from this vaccine.” “Then we got mad, upset, when we found out that there were other options of polio vaccine out there” (Offit, 2011, p. 79). Salamone went after policy change and in 1998 as Offit (2011) notes, the Advisory Committee of Immunization Practices switched to the inactive form of the vaccine.
Polio: An American Story written by David Oshinsky highlights the journey to the discovery of a vaccine which would finally put an end to the once mysterious disease, Poliomyelitis. The journey begins in Otter Valley, Vermont, as it was the first Polio epidemic to be documented in the United States. Unknowingly, it would take years after the first epidemic in 1894 to find a solution for this frightening illness. The disease dates back to ancient time, with cases describing the victims to be left with disfigured limbs and some eventually to be paralyzed. Oshinsky identifies that the disease appeared in three phases: endemic, which occurs in a sporadically within a group of people, epidemic, in which it affected many people and spread rapidly,
Polio: An Eradicated Disease It was unthinkable for someone to contract polio if they were born in the 1960s or later in America. To that generation and after, polio was just another fleeting disease. People born before this time period are reminded how frightening the disease was, which debilitated thousands of people.
The survey examines perceptions of vaccine importance, safety, effectiveness, and religious compatibility among 65,819 individuals across countries. The authors study relationships between individual- and country-level socio-economic factors and vaccine attitudes. Using logistic hierarchical modelling, the researchers mark countries trends in vaccine safety perceptions and analyze socio-economic determinants of vaccine sentiments. In the article it is emphasized that public trust in vaccination is an important global health problem that affects not only low- and middle-income countries, but high-income countries. The authors convince that the lack trust in vaccines and immunization programs can lead to vaccine refusal, risking disease outbreaks and challenging immunization goals in high- and low-income
Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is an infectious virus that causes paralysis and sometimes death in people infected by it. Polio is also extremely contagious, able to infect people through person to person contact and unsanitary conditions. The polio vaccine was originally created by Dr. Jonas Salk in the 1950s, and was shown to be 90% effective against types II and III polio, and 70% effective against type I polio. Because of the vaccines effectiveness, the United States government set a goal to vaccinate 30,000 children by the July of 1955.
In 1951, Henrietta lacks the American African women died because of cervical cancer. A few months before her death, a doctor Wharton cut small samples from her cervix. One form the tumor and one piece from healthy cervical tissue. No one had told Henrietta that the doctor collecting samples from her or asking her if she would like to be a donor or not. The author points out that they took samples from her body not to treat her.
Pro Vaccination Since the invention of vaccines, it has created a huge impact worldwide. As a child begins to start school, their required by the state to receive their twelve routine shots. The children who receive all their shots have a greater chance of not contracting any diseases. Throughout the years, vaccination or otherwise known as immunization has been a hugely controversial issue worldwide and whether or not to vaccinate children. However, vaccines are an effective and key role in keeping the human population healthy and safe.
In Australia, the current national immunization program schedule see’s children receive inactivated poliomyelitis via immunizations at the ages
Etiology and pathophysiology: Poliomyelitis or more commonly known as polio, is an enterovirus belonging to the family Picornavirdae. The words polio (grey) and myelon (marrow, indicating the spinal
In 2012, Brady Johnson lost his life due to lack of vaccination. He was diagnosed with measles, which is an easily preventable disease, as the MMR vaccination is 93% effective. With two doses of the MMR vaccine, it then becomes 97% effective. Measles is an infectious viral disease which causes fevers and a red rash on the skin. This disease typically occurs in children and when infected is very serious.
Children are the future. That is why it is important for them to receive the best healthcare as possible. However, there are some questions as to what is included in the best healthcare, including whether or not it is safe for children to be vaccinated. Questions arose when an article was published with alarming results that indicated vaccines could be the cause of autism in children. The disputed article lead to many anti-vaccine movements.
Disease can overthrow a culture and spread like wildfire when not taken precaution against. However, there exists a fierce opposition against the mandate of vaccination by some groups of interest with the existence of adverse effects by vaccination to the human body as a reason. Although vaccination carries some health risks,
Vaccinations When it comes to vaccinations, there are many different opinions on immunizing a child, especially when that child’s parent has a strong like or dislike towards vaccinating. Immunizations have existed for at least a thousand years and as technology advances more, there are new vaccines being designed to help protect our children from contracting contagious and sometimes deadly diseases, such as Bordetella pertussis, polio, and even influenza. For decades, all 50 states have required that parents vaccinate their children against various diseases, including polio and measles, as a prerequisite to enrolling them in public schools (Ciolli, 2008). Enrollment in public school requires up to date vaccinations in order to protect the children and even the adults from contracting and spreading a disease, possibly causing an epidemic.