Middle East Politics In History

RISE OF ISLAM AND ITS EFFECTS ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS IN HISTORY INTRODUCTION Middle East is a different place in world politics with its geography, borders, ideologies, resources, culture and society with diversity in religion and language. Because of these diversities and differences, Western states always fight for hegemony on the region with wars, invasions or put someone in charge from' their side'. Middle East is sometimes called as geography of religions because it was witnessed three big religions' birth and spread through the world. The political map of the region, both in its outward form and in the realities which it represents, was very different from the present day. The names of the countries were

There had neither structure nor common legal system. But the region was not quite cut off from the effects that shaped Middle Eastern civilizations. Mecca was both the centre of commercial and religious site. Therefore Ka'ba became a pilgrimage site before the Prophet Muhammad's birth and became important for whole region. The idea of monotheism was not totally new. But such ideas were sporadic and isolated, and their impact was temporary and regional. The first to make ethical monotheism a fundamental part of their religion were the Jews. Islam brought more diversity in region and changed the shape of the region and its circle. Politics of this region also was shaped according to it. Their language, culture and traditions also changed according to spread of Islam. For instance, after the Islamic Arab conquest and the subsequent Islamization and Arabization of Egypt, even those Egyptians who remained Christian adopted the Arabic language. They are still called Copts, but the Coptic language gradually died out and survives at the present day only in the liturgy of the Coptic Church. Egypt had acquired a new

He engaged in caravan trade. He was an ordinary man when he began to change and meditate in mountains outside the city. One day in Mount Hira, he met his prophetic mission, as known in Islam the Night of Power. Quran, the single book of all people revealed over 23 years and changed whole region and world to the ground. Islam believes that Prophet Muhammad is last prophet for all people. Quran accepts other prophets including Adam, Noah, Moses, Jesus and Abraham. Therefore it is a universal religion which believes all non-Muslims should convert Islam to the glory of God. On the purpose of spread Islam to at first in Arabian Peninsula then whole world, first believers emigrated Medina from Mecca, because Meccan people hostile in that time. After several wars, Muhammad won Mecca and established a foundation of Islamic Empire. After Muhammad's death, there was no arrangement for his succession. Abu Bakr undertook succession duty and became first caliph. After him other caliphs Umar, 'Uthman and Ali are known as Rashidun caliphs. They helped to spread of Islam through Egypt to Spain and built a strong Islamic state. However, death of Ali was caused sectarianize in Islam and triggered a problem which lasts nowadays