2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Suspect one’s DNA was inserted into wells four and five; suspect two’s DNA was inserted into wells six and seven. The apparatus was then closed and turned on to run at 100 volts. Electrophoresis ran for 30 minutes; separating the DNA according to size in the gel. Then the tray with the gel was removed and a stain sheet was placed on the gel for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes that gel was rinsed with water and then set in water.

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity and genetic variation in living beings. The topics in Genetics vary as we learn more about genomes and how we are affected by our genes every day. Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation of the genetic material of the organisms including the creation of novel genetic material. This manipulation occurs to a large extent external to organisms as in test tubes and vitro ( in glass).Genetic engineering is used to make recombinant DNA,to purposefully change nucleotide sequences and to clone DNA. What is the difference between Biochemistry and Molecular Biology?

1. Write a sentence for each of these mechanisms describing the manner in which the DNA can be transferred from one cell to another. Transformation: During transformation pieces of genetic instructions are released by a bacterium. Another bacterium, picks up the DNA into its own genome. Bacteria taking up foreign DNA is known as transformation.

These pairs are Adenine and Thymine, and Cytosine and Guanine. DNA is compacted into chromosomes and is stored within the nucleus. DNA serves as the unique genetic instructions of all of life’s form and functions. DNA codes for the primary structure of all proteins, the most essential molecule for life, and these sequences of amino acids determine the structure and function of each protein.

Referring to Table 1, the reactants for each run were transferred to an Erlenmeyer Flask (250 mL) via a buret. Using a precision pipette, the volume of I3- required for each run was carefully extracted and poured into the flask containing all of the reactants. Immediately after the Iodine solution was placed in the flask, the LabQuest began collection data. Meanwhile, a small portion of the solution, was used to rinse the cuvette, then using a disposable pipette a small amount of the solution was transferred to the cuvette (approx. ¾).

INTRODUCTION To divide, a cell must grow, replicate its genetic material (DNA), and split into two daughter cells. Cells perform these tasks in an organized series of steps that make up the cell cycle. In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus, the stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major phases: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase. • During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA. • The mitotic (M) phase, divides the cell DNA into two sets and its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.

At the end of G2, a second checkpoint, the G2 Checkpoint, will occur to determine if I can now proceed and enter into the next stage, mitosis. Mitosis contains its own five individual stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, my chromosomes become visible as paired sister chromatids and my nuclear envelope disappears. Sister chromatids are replicated chromosomes that form an X shape thanks to the centromere. They are identical pieces of DNA.

The STR length contrast is what is used to differentiate individuals. Gel electrophoresis then uses the STRs to create a DNA profile. The gel electrophoresis separates the STRs depending on their length and the pattern is then shown in fluorescent gel creating the profile. These profiles are then used by scientist to compare patterns between evidence and or suspects to determine a match or not a match. The probability of two people having the same amount of repeated sequences in STRs is one in billions of

- Where DNA can be found and the role does DNA play in heredity?-DNA is found in every cell within the nucleus (Eukaryotic cells) apart from blood cells. Chromosomes are made up of thin strands of (DNA). Each chromosome pair contains thousands of genes. The human genome is made up of about 3 billion chemical bases that are arranged in patterns similar to individual letters arranged into sentences. (Professor Stuart E. Ravnik Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center).

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) Principle: PCR is a process which involves taking a DNA template and amplifying distinct regions of it in vitro. To conduct PCR you need the DNA sample, DNA primers( two because one is forward and one is a reverse primer), Deoxynucleoside triphosphate bases(dNTP), DNA (Taq) polymerase, a buffer and some cations (mg2+). The reaction is carried out in a thermal cycler which fluctuates the temperature to allow progression of the amplification. Procedure: Initially the double helix is separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds using heat, leaving the bases exposed. This is called denaturation and it occurs at approximately 960C.