Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Many great things can be accomplished through genetic engineering, but scientific progress is being halted by the opposition 's use of arguments with questionable logic. Most notably is their fear of designer babies. The problem with designer babies is that complex beneficial traits such as height, strength, intelligence, and attractiveness aren’t determined by one gene, and are also dependent on many other variables that aren’t genetic. Some traits such as the shape of an earlobe, eye color, or an individual’s susceptibility to certain diseases are determined by a single gene, and that specific gene can be identified and isolated by scientists. Professor of translational epidemiology at Emory University, Cecile Janssens states, “Even when all genes and their complex interactions are completely understood, our ability to use gene editing for favorable traits will remain limited because human traits are just not genetic enough.” (Janssens).

Through enzyme digestion experiments, I am able to understand the role of restriction enzymes in bioengineering. And I can clearly see the length of the fragment when the restriction enzyme cleaves DNA. This experiment also made me gain knowledge about DNA analysis. Through the experiment of Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of DNA, I learnt that when using RedSafe stain and the UV light source, I should be careful because their mutagenic effects. Moreover, this experiment makes me understand the role of gel electrophoresis in DNA preparation and analysis.

The electro pores reseal spontaneously and the cell can recover. The formation of electro pores depends upon the cells that are used and the amplitude and duration of the electric pulse that is applied to them. Electric currents can lead to dramatic heating of the cells that can results in cell death. Heating effects are minimized by using relatively high amplitude, a short duration pulse or by using two very short duration pulses. In terms of mammalian trans genesis, electroporation is an effective method of introducing exogenous DNA into embryonic stem (ES) cells.

It cost money to get the egg donor to use when organ cloning. It also cost money to actually the process which limit the amount the scientist can try therapeutic cloning. If there was a more funding for the research for therapeutic cloning than the limits on it will increases. There are many advantages to organ cloning. The first advantage is one that have to state before it was replacement of internal organs or tissues for patients.

Lab 3 – DNA extraction and visualization Journal -Madhu Thalari. 1.Describe the laboratory exercise as you interpreted it.? Ans: This lab has given me methods to extrct DNA from both plant cells and animal cells. The main steps that are followed in both methods made me understand the reasons behind them. In order to extract DNA we need break the barriers(cell wall and cellmembrane), remove water, protiens and other unwanted material, make sure that the chemical we used should not damage DNA that we need and add flouroscent material to visualize the DNA.

Amir Ahemedin Ms.Buckley Genetics 11/06/15 Transformation of E.coli Lab Purpose The purpose of this lab is to genetically engineer the E.coli strain by introducing two genes, the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) and the ampicillin resistant gene (AMP). Then observe whether or not the E.Coli strain would take up these genes and become fluorescent. Background Information In this lab, bacterial transformation was one of the three processes that occurred when genetic material is introduced to a bacterial cell. Bacterial transformation is important because it allows for the cloning and movement of DNA between strains. This transformation usually occurs within plasmids, which are closed circular molecules made up of double stranded DNA.

Let me start off by explaining what MS is. Multiple Sclerosis is when, for reasons scientists are not yet sure of, a person’s immune system attacks the myelin that covers and protects the spinal cord and nerve fibers in your brain. After the myelin is damaged, the nerve fibers then are attacked by the immune system as well. This causes nerve damage, fatigue, vision loss, poor balance, and more unpleasant side effects. Multiple Sclerosis itself isn’t necessarily the cause of death, however, it 's the complications of MS that take a great toll on one’s health.

The virus will introduce Cas9 into the cells it infects. However, the effects that using a virus may provoke are yet unknown. Another way to overcome this obstacle is by using CRISPR on gametes. These will pass on the corrected DNA on to every cell in the organism that is formed upon fertilization. However, its use on embryos generates huge controversy because it could go wrong, killing the embryo or having permanent harmful effects on the life of the organism that develops.

Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The idea of human cloning is becoming a reality and it is no longer mere science fiction. As this idea turns into reality, it is leaving many people horrified, but it’s helping scientists find cures for many diseases. Although human cloning can create a new doorway for scientists, it has dangerous implications to humans and nature. Although human cloning has dangerous implications to humans and nature, adverse opinions exist.

And 21 century science would be more trustworthy from all the years and money on improving it. Some alternatives to animal testing are doing vitro testing(In Testing | Alternatives to Animal Testing and Research), genetic testing, microdosing-humans receiving small doses of drugs-, MRI and CT scans, etc. (In Testing | Alternatives to Animal Testing and Research) Others have thought otherwise because it has created some great medical breakthroughs. Such views are misguided because so many animals are harmed horribly and there are so many more ways that we could find cures Animal testing is cruel, unnecessary and should be banned. Sure, there are some diseases that get cured, but in the five years of testing, millions of animals die.

so if quickly scientists share results or models that they are not sure of scientists should use wrong information. Also, the uneducated public believes most results that are published; if a scientist hastily publishes results without full justifications people could actually believe or misinterpret the wrong idea/results. Furthermore, if a scientist assume that he/she has the accurate results and shares it with others without justifying their ideas and results; he/she could be attacked by others (for example, Watson and Crick case with Rosalind in the movie). Therefore I believe that scientists have the right to keep their results confidential until they fully explain and justify their reasoning, but no way under any circumstance should fully completed justified research be kept confidential because the

Other types of biopsy methods may be used such as wedge or punch biopsy, but these techniques tend to be less accurate. After the biopsy is performed a wide excision should follow. This should encompass a l good margin of healthy tissue. Any further excision will depend on the thickness of the tumor. Depending on the invasive ness of the tumor a lymph node biopsy might be conducted to see if any of the draining lymph nodes were affected (Hodgetts, 2013).