ABSTRACT: Blackgram have the antioxidant properties because of the presence of the natural phenolic compounds which has beneficiary effects. In the present work, polyphenols are extracted using solid liquid extraction in a batch reactor at constant temperature. The polyphenol content is determined using the Folin- Ciocalteau method and expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE). The effect of the solvents ethanol, methanol, acetone and water were studied on the parameters pH, extraction temperature and extraction time on Total Phenolic Content have been checked and it was optimized using a three variable, three-level Box-Behnken response surface methodology for extracting phenolic content. Validation of the model is based on the predicted …show more content…
The samples were withdrawn at different times and the total phenolic content (mg GAE/ g dry weight) was determined.
Effect of solvent concentration on extraction of phenolic compounds
Samples were extracted with the different solvent ranging from 25% (v/v) to 100% (v/v) by fixing extraction temperature at 180 min and at 300C respectively. The total phenolic content (mg GAE/ g dry weight) was determined.
Effect of extraction time on extraction of phenolic compounds
The solvent with the optimized concentration will be considered to study the effect of extraction time on the extract sample at 300C. At different time in the range of 5min to 300 min, the sample will be collected and its total phenolic content (mg GAE/ g dry weight) was determined.
Effect of stirrer speed on extraction of phenolic compounds
The solvent with the optimized concentration will be considered to study the effect of mixing on the sample at 300C. The stirring speed was maintained in the range from 200 rpm to 800 rpm. At different time in the range of 5min to 180 min, the sample was collected and its total phenolic content (mg GAE/ g dry weight) was determined.
Effect of pH on extraction of phenolic
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The significances of all terms in the polynomial were analyzed statistically by calculating the F-value at a probability (p) of 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05.
Determination of polyphenols using HPLC
The polyphenols present in the blackgram was determined using HPLC method with gradient elution. Phenolic acid and flavonoids of black gram extracts are analyzed at 215nm using UV detector using HPLC using C18 column. Acetonitrile and water are used as mobile phase in the ratio of 7:3 with a flow rate of 1ml/min under ambient temperature and 3500psi pressure. The detection is at 215nm. The phenolic acid and flavonoids present in the black gram are analyzed on the basis of retention time and it is compared with the standard chromatogram of gallic acid and rutine
Verification of model
Using the second order polynomial model of RSM, optimal conditions required for the extraction of total phenolic content from black gram was estimated. Under the certain optimal conditions, the model equation was verified for the predicted response values. The experimental and the predicted values of the TPC were checked to verify the validity of the model. Experimental runs were replicated under the optimized
Testing phase finds differences in positive/negative documents by the centroid obtained in training phase by ranking each of them. The simple way to estimate similarity between documents and centroid by summing weights of patterns which are in the documents. VII. Experimental Results To determine accurate measures of similarity or difference between documents you depict results by graph pattern and table pattern. The experimental setup consists of relevant documents that you termed as positive and negative documents .i.e
Discussion PV92 Gel Electrophoresis Results: Through the usage of gel electrophoresis the correct allele for each sample was able to be determined. Lanes one through three in the gel,were the positive control lanes they contained the PCR cocktail and a known high-quality template for the PCR reaction. First lane contained the sample with the +/+ allele, which had two copies of the ALU repeat allele. The first lane had a band at about 941 base pairs.
Genetic engineering is changing the DNA code to express different traits. A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that contains important genetic information. Recombinant DNA is the product after inserting your desired genes. The genes we hoped to insert in the pGLO lab were the GFP gene and the ampicillin resistance gene. GFP was needed so that we would tell if the ampicillin resistance gene had been properly placed when the bacteria glowed under a UV light.
They also incorrectly tested the pH, so the results for the known and unknown sample were also incorrect. With this information in mind, it is critical to know what the sensors are for and how they work so your results are more likely to be accurate. These errors provide the wrong data, so overall the entire conclusion and analysis would be incorrect because of the incorrect use of tools during testing. For this reason, the scientists used the average data from the other scientists to ensure correct
Leah Romero 10/30/2017 Conclusion Lab 3 Chem 102L In lab 3, fundamentals of chromatography, the purpose was to examine how components of mixtures can be separated by taking advantage of different in physical properties. A huge process in this lab was paper chromatography, which was used to isolate food dyes that are found in different drink mixes. The different chromatograms of FD&C dyes were compared to identify which dyes are present in each of the mixes.
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use control variables to help identify different macromolecules. Biological systems are made up of these four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are sugar molecules (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) which make them the most abundant macromolecule on the earth. Lipids (oils and fats, phospholipids and steroids) are insoluble in water and perform many functions such as energy source, essential nutrients, hormones and insulators (Lehman, 1955).
INTRODUCTION A gas chromatograph (GC) can be utilized to analyze the contents of a sample quantitatively or in certain circumstances also qualitatively. In the case of preparative chromatography, a pure compound can be extracted from a mixture. The principle of gas chromatography can be explained as following: A micro syringe is used to inject a known volume of vaporous or liquid analyte into the head or entrance of a column whereby a stream of an inert gas acts a carrier (mobile phase). The column acts as a separator of individual or chemically similar components.
In this lab, extraction was used as a method for separating a mixture of compounds. Specifically, Benzocaine and Benzoic Acid were individually isolated from a starting mixture which consisted of both components. During this lab, Benzocaine was isolated into crystals, while benzoic acid formed a white powdery solid. This was done by first isolating benzocaine. Once separated, this clear liquid had 6M of sodium hydroxide added to it and was put in an ice bath.
The results of the phenol-sulfuric acid analysis conducted in this experiment suggest that the data acquired was relatively precise but inaccurate with respect to the given carbohydrate concentrations of the soda and Gatorade samples. Using a standard curve generated from a glucose solution with a known concentration, the carbohydrate concentration of the samples was determined (in terms of glucose) and a low coefficient of variation was calculated. However, a high percent relative error was apparent in the analysis of both samples. This may have been due to the fact that the analysis was conducted assuming glucose was the carbohydrate of interest, while, in fact, a significant portion of the monosaccharides would have existed as fructose (a
Life Science 1 Lab Assignment Week 1 – Demo 1F Jing Dong UID: 504706115 Introduction The purpose of this lab was to use scientific method though a experiment, which include making observations, construct a hypothesis and test the hypothesis by the experiment. In this lab, the experiment is designed to use scientific method to observe the patterns of where do squirrel apply snake scent to their fur and to determine the behavior of two species of squirrels, which are Spermophilus beecheyi and Spermophilius variegates.
Properties of Substances Express Lab 1)The purpose of this lab was to compare the physical properties of different types of solids and how the properties of solids are determined by their intermolecular forces and their intramolecular bonds. Then we were to classify each type of solid as either ionic, metallic, non-polar molecular, polar molecular, or network. Paraffin wax classified as a non-polar molecular, Silicon dioxide was classifies as a network, Sodium chloride was classified as ionic, Sucrose was classified as polar molecular and Tin was classified as metallic. (2)The intermolecular forces that are present in Paraffin wax are dispersion forces, because it is non-polar and carries a negative charge. Followed by Sucrose that has
Introduction: In this task I will be researching the effect that acid rain has on the rate of plant growth. Acid rain is any type of precipitation with a high pH, with high levels of nitric acids. The reason why I had chosen this topic was because acid rain seems to have a great effect on the effect of plant growth, and plants play a very important role in our ecosystem. Acid rain is a major problem in our environment when we are not able to neutralize the acidity.
Experiment #7: Column Chromatography of Food Dye Arianne Jan D. Tuozo Mr. Carlos Edward B. Santos October 12, 2015 Abstract Column chromatography is the separation of mixture’s components through a column. Before proceeding with the column chromatography itself, a proper solvent system must be chosen among the different solvents. The green colored food dye is the mixture whose components are separated.
Introduction The term chromatography actually means colour writing, and signifies a technique by which the substance to be examined is placed in a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent, the different segments of the substance traveling through the adsorbent at distinctive rates of velocity, according to their degree of attraction to it, and producing bands of colour at different levels of the adsorption column. The substances least absorbed emerge earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later. (Wixom et al., 2011) In chromatography of all types, there is a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
Biochemical tests are the tests used for the identification of bacterial species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria. Bacterial physiology differs from one species to the other. These differences in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, production of certain enzymes and ability to utilize a particular compound help them to be identified by the biochemical tests. Gram’s stain was originally devised by histologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, while Gram-negative bacteria stain pink when subjected to Gram staining.