Pomegranate Rinds

Pomegranate has various health beneficial properties, mainly antioxidants and antimicrobial. The inedible pomegranate rinds contain about 50% of the total fruit weight and it contain various bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, ellagitannins (ETs), and proanthocyanidin compounds(Li et al., 2006), minerals, mainly potassium, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium (Mirdehghan and Rahemi, 2007), and complex polysaccharides (Viuda-Martos et al., 2010). The edible pomegranate fruit (50%) consists of 40% arils and 10% seeds (Viuda-Martos et al., 2010). Arils contain 85% water, 10% total sugars, mainly fructose and glucose, and 1.5% pectin, organic acid such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, and malic acid, and bioactive

They should have properties of pleasant, or preferably no, taste or odour and not be subject to rancidity. There are several oils selection such as vegetable oil, mineral oil and cocoa butter. (Poucher’s perfumes, cosmetic and soaps, 1999)

Castor oil is the vegetable oil that mostly use in lipstick because it is very thick and maintains viscosity when hot, making it ideal properties for blending with other ingredients. Unlike other oils, castor oil is soluble in alcohol and its associated surface activity. The main disadvantages of castor oil is its inherent instability but this can overcome with small amount of antioxidant. Mineral oil is not recommended without a co-solvent, such as isocetyl alcohol because unstable system results with mineral oil tend to sweat out. (Poucher’s perfumes, cosmetic and soaps, 1999)

2.3.2 Selection of Waxes

Waxes is the main ingredient to give structure and lustre to the lipsticks. All the waxes use must be flexible but brittleness and have the ability to retain oils in their crystal structure. A combination of hard and soft waxes is used to give the balance of application and rigidity. Natural waxes can be divided into hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin wax, microcrystalline waxes, mineral waxes such as ozokerite, ceresine and montana, vegetables waxes, candelila, sugar cane, carnauba, Japan and rice, and animal waxes such as beeswax and lanolin. (Poucher’s perfumes, cosmetic

3.7.2 Determination of melting point

Determination of melting point is important as it is an indication of the limit of safe storage. Take both ends open glass capillary tubes. Introduce sufficient amount of lipstick into each of 5 capillary tubes, about 10mm high and allow the tubes to stand for the appropriate time and at the prescribed temperature in capillary tube apparatus. The temperature at which the lipstick begin to melt in the capillary tube is taken as the melting point. Repeat the operation 5 times using other 5 capillary tubes and record the result.

3.7.3 Determination of breaking point

Breaking point is essential to determine the strength of lipstick. The lipstick is held horizontally in a socket ½ inch away from the edge of support. The weight is gradually increase by a specific value (10gm) at specific interval of 30 seconds and weight at which breaks is consider as the breaking point.

3.7.4 Determination of force of