Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for a crystalline material of phase purity and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed is bulk composite material is, homogenized, and these particles used to be x-ray diffraction. Max von Laue, in 1912, discovered that crystalline material formation three-dimensional diffraction gratings for X-ray exposed similar to the spacing of planes in a crystal lattice. X-ray diffraction is now a common technique for the study of crystal structures and atomic spacing.
Principle
Monochoramatic X-ray is exposed crystalline sample and due to occur constructive interference of X-ray diffraction Patten. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, produce monochromatic
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The material was analysis (TG/DTA) curve observed peak possible for endothermic or exothermic. The material was carried out instrument for Perkin Elmer thermal analysis different temperature range 30ºC to 300 ºC in nitrogen atmosphere at heat rate 10 ºC. The instrument was using crucible as aluminum, platinum, and gold in inert gases atmosphere or nitrogen gas atmosphere. The TG curve of material was response of mass change due to thermally heat up sample. The DTA curve was correspond material and reference material using difference temperature studied for the both time and temperature measurement. Its change temperature was determined DTA curve for change physical and chemical states and peaks detected DTA signal. This measurement most predominant tool is solid state physics and crystalline chemistry, such as used to water crystallization, study phase change, oxidation and reduction of material. The Thermal analysis was most used identify melting and decompose point, thermal stability, polymerization and glassity formation region, purity and reactivity. [rajesh sir paper
B) Briefly describe each method, including the specific types of scientific tools and equipment used. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale:
It is being changed by a ball in a oven to make it hot or a ball in the freezer to make it cold. Temperature can be measured by
A spectrometer is a specialized instrument that is used to quantify and measure the reflectance and transmittance properties of a sample material.2 Every food dye used in the food industry is approved by the FDA and must follow a set of individual regulations.1 These regulations make each food dye identifiable through specific characteristics that a spectrometer has the ability to detect. The machine works by exposing a sample to a polychromatic light source.2 Whichever light is reflected will then be broken apart into various sections, within the visible spectrum that runs from red to violet.
Comparison of three alternative bolus materials to Superflab in providing the maximum dose buildup (Dmax) Many superficial tumors are treated using 6 Megavoltage (MV) photons, but often require a bolus to bring the depth of maximum dose closer to the skin surface. A bolus may also be used to compensate for uneven skin surfaces or irregular contours in the patient. The depth of maximum equilibrium describes the depth in which the maximum dose of the formulated radiation is deposited (Washington & Leaver, 2010). Bolus material should be flexible, pliable, and tissue-equivalent.
Lab 1 helps create a better understand of the changes in crystal structures when the annealing and quenching process is applied to 1020 and 1080 steel. The numbered steel refers to the ASTM grain-size number. Formula 1 is used to solve for the grain size. n=2^(G-1) Equation (1) at 100x magnification Crystal structures change shapes which changes the strength of the material and its properties. The metal might become soft, brittle, hard, or ductile.
Then the scientist will observe the different rates of reaction with temperature. The Boltzmann distribution of law, indicates that high temperature makes molecules gain high energy contents (pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja). In order to measure the reaction rate, the scientists must use the same volume of water at three different starting temperatures: hot tap
It has been used to study cocoa butter crystallization and melting either pure or in
Introduction The purpose of this week’s lab was to enhance our understanding of the Grignard reagents that were examined in lecture. In this lab, a Grignard reagent will be prepared through the reaction of magnesium turnings and bromobenzene. Instead of isolating the product it will then be combined with benzophenone, which will give the final product of triphenylmethanol. Procedure
3. To purify and identify the product, recrystallization is used in order to purify the product, then melting point and TLC techniques are used to identify the product. Theory 4.
Properties of Substances Express Lab 1)The purpose of this lab was to compare the physical properties of different types of solids and how the properties of solids are determined by their intermolecular forces and their intramolecular bonds. Then we were to classify each type of solid as either ionic, metallic, non-polar molecular, polar molecular, or network. Paraffin wax classified as a non-polar molecular, Silicon dioxide was classifies as a network, Sodium chloride was classified as ionic, Sucrose was classified as polar molecular and Tin was classified as metallic. (2)The intermolecular forces that are present in Paraffin wax are dispersion forces, because it is non-polar and carries a negative charge. Followed by Sucrose that has
I. Introduction This experiment uses calorimetry to measure the specific heat of a metal. Calorimetry is used to observe and measure heat flow between two substances. The heat flow is measured as it travels from a higher temperature to a lower one. Specific heat is an amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of anything one degree Celsius. Specific heat is calculated using several equations using the base equation: q=mc∆T II.
Purpose/Introduction The process of recrystallization is an important method of purifying a solid organic substance using a hot solution as a solvent. This method will allow the separation of impurities. We will analyze Benzoic Acid as it is dissolved and recrystallized in water and in a solvent of Methanol and water. Reaction/Summary
TABLE OF VARIABLES Independent Variable Method of measurement Concentration of HCl
NurfaridahUtami Dewi 1407214 4B2 Real Steel Real steel is a science fiction sport film which was directed by Shawn Levy. This film is based on a short story "Steel", written by Richard Matheson , and originally published in the May 1956 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , and later adapted into a 1963 Twilight Zone episode , though screenwriter John Gatins placed the film in U.S fairs and other "old-fashioned" American settings. Real Steel was released historically by Touchstone Pictures in Australia on October 6, 2011, and in the United States and Canada on October 7, 2011, grossing nearly $300 million at the box office. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards .
Calorimeter helped many generations to measure the quantity of heat using different types of devices; also they followed a specific procedure and equations to find out quantitative