Pragmatics Concept

6.2 Concept There are some concepts that related to the analysis of this study; those are concept of pragmatics and concept of speech act that described as follows:

6.2.1 Pragmatics

In our daily live, when we are talking to other peoples, they do not always or usually say what they mean. Speakers often mean much more than what they actually said. Communication in society happens chiefly by means of language. However, the users of language, as social beings communicate and use language on society premises; society controls their access to the linguistic and communicative means. Pragmatics as the study of the way human use their language in communication, bases itself on a study of those premises and determines how they affect and effectualize

In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structure and words, they perform actions via those utterances. Action performed via utterances called speech act (Yule; 1996) By doing speech acts, the speaker tries to convey purpose or intention of communication, which is understandable by the hearer or addressee. According to Austin, J. L. (1962) there are 3 types of speech act, and those are Locutionary act which is roughly equivalence to uttering sentence with a certain sense and reference, which again is roughly equivalent to ‘meaning’ in traditional sense, Illocutionary Act Illocutionary act such as informing, warning, ordering and undertaking i.e. utterances witch have a certain (conventional) force, and Perlocutionary act is what we bring about or achieve by saying something such as convincing, persuading, deterring, and even say, surprising, or misleading

6.3 Theoretical Framework

There are some theory that the writer uses such as theory of Taxonomy of Illocutionary act proposed by Searle (1979) to identify kinds of directives illocutionary act and theory of Context of Situation proposed by Holmes (2013) to analyze meaning of those directives illocutionary acts.

6.3.1 Taxonomy of Illocutionary

Assertives or Representatives

The point or purpose of the members of the representative class is to commit the speaker (in varying degrees) to something's being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition. All of the members of the representative class are assessable on the dimension of assessment, which includes true and false. The truth of the expressed proposition such as asserting, concluding, announcing, and predicting. For example; “it was a sunny day”. The sentence is meant to assert that the wheatear on that day is sunny.

2. Directives

The illocutionary point of this class consists in the fact that they are attempts (of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are determinates of the determinable which includes attempting) by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. They may be very modest 'attempts’ as when I invite you to do it or suggest that you do it, or they may be very fierce attempts as when I insist that you do it. It can be advice, urge, supplicate, implore, entreat, beseech, pray, tell (to), require, ask, beg, suggesting, command, recommend, demand, order, request, and forbid. For example; “Give me a cup of coffee please” The sentence indicates a request from speaker to the hearer to get a cup of