For as long as I can remember, as soon as I complete a written work, the first person to review it is often my mother. Due to years of academic and professional experience, she is an excellent writer and an even better editor. However, there is one point of semantics on which we simply cannot seem to agree, and which leads to a heated argument almost every time it appears in my work: the gender-neutral, third-person pronoun. When my mother was in high school, the de facto pronoun for unspecified gender was ‘he/she’ and its conjugations – for example, “Every student did his or her homework.” In my generation, this pronoun has been replaced with the controversial ‘they’: “Every student did their homework.” This usage of ‘they’ always irks my …show more content…
In short, a prescriptivist believes that effective communication in a given language may be achieved only by strictly adhering to centralized rules. Conversely, a descriptivist believes that so long as a sentence is able to convey its intended message, it is a correct usage of language. I am staunchly of the belief that prescriptivism in the English language is unfeasible. As the language of one of the world’s dominant ideologies, attempting to fit the ever-changing shape of anglophone culture into strict boundaries is not only ineffective, but likely impossible. Now, with the advent of the Internet, entire generations are experiencing an “awokening”, and a wave of neologisms, neopronouns, and obscure-yet-somehow-universally-understood meme references is on the horizon. Soon, it will become unavoidable for grammaticists to note that there is no one way to speak English …show more content…
In brief, AAVE is the form of English predominantly spoken in urban black communities in the United States. It contains unique grammatical structures, such as “we been knew” for “we have known this for a long time”, and vocabulary, most notably the N-word as a non-slur. The headline of the debate goes like this: is AAVE simply English spoken with mistakes, or a completely separate dialect of English? Obviously, “we been knew” flies in the face of every rule of past-tense conjugation, and would be considered a grammatical trainwreck by an outside observer. However, anybody who is familiar with the patterns of AAVE would immediately understand the speaker’s intention. Although the grammar used is not necessarily that defined by English prescription and therefore a mistake by that standard, the same mistake is made by every speaker in the same context, thereby not affecting communication whatsoever. Therefore, descriptivists argue that AAVE should be considered a separate dialect of English, and I thoroughly agree with them. The prescriptivist model currently prevalent in the United States raises a serious problem. It often precludes black people in low-income communities from raising their socioeconomic status if they are unable or refuse to ‘talk white’ – that is, to use commonly-accepted grammar – in workplace environments. This results in the
The teacher then goes on to explain how she would rather have her students only learn the standardized English rather than code mesh the two forms together. Young states “Yet she wants her students to somehow learn to turn off black language and use only standard, when she can't herself. After I highlighted this observation, she gave a final "tsk" and walked away” (Young 2009, p. 59).
What she previously thought was “bad” English is merely a language variation, each variation with its own history and culture. Lanehart now believes these variations need to be celebrated and that they don't always need to be corrected. The more Lanehart learned, the more she believed that English can vary as long as we can all understand each other. Lanehart decides she doesn’t want to correct people anymore.
The Skin That We Speak The way a person speaks is a direct link to a person’s culture and the environment which he or she was raised in. A person’s language, skin color as well as economic status influences the way he or she is perceived by others. Lisa Delpit and eleven other educators provide different viewpoints on how language from students of different cultures, ethnicity, and even economic status can be misinterpreted due to slang and dialect or nonstandard English by the teachers as well as his or her own peers. The Skin That We Speak: Thoughts on Language and Culture in the Classroom by Lisa Delpit and Joanne Kilgour Dowdy, who collected essays from a diverse group of educators and scholars to reflect on the issue of language
Language can either separate someone from this larger identity or connect him or her to it. This essay shows that black people in America have been systematically and institutionally marginalized by white society that their creation of separate and distinct language was a necessity, and this essay brings to light the struggles my community ---------- the black community --------- had faced in an effort to break through stereotypes and erroneous assumptions .I personally enjoyed how Baldwin incorporated historical examples into his essay, such as the Irish and the Germans, because it showed me that African Americans were not the only ones who felt marginalized by the way they use
In James Baldwin’s essay titled “If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me What Is?” Baldwin highlights his major argument by capitalizing the words in the title so that it can stand out to the readers. His main idea is that all languages are equal, and there is an inequality in society where one is judged by the way they speak. Baldwin wanted the readers to understand that all languages do serve a purpose no matter how a person articulates it. Baldwin also wanted to convey that there is racism that is placed upon a black person just because of the way they speak.
It was once believed that the languages that the Africans spoke varied drastically from region to region but in reality they were “local variations of a deeper-lying structural similarity” (Herkovits 79). This similarity allowed communicating in the New World to be easier than if the languages were all completely linguistically independent, “whether Negro speech employs English or French or Spanish or Portuguese vocabulary, the identical constructions found over all the New World can only be regarded as a reflection of the underlying similarities in grammar and idiom, which, in turn, are common to the West African Sudanese tongues” (80). Language then became an important part of African American culture, whether it be a “secret” language used to help slaves escape, or to tell stories and folklore to children to encourage and motivate them, or express African proverbs from generation to generation. There has been many times when other races seem not to understand what African Americans are saying because of the slang terms we create that then become popular terms, most recently has been the phrases “on fleek” and “twerking”, to name a few examples. Being proficient in verbal arts was prized in Africa and now a value has been placed on verbal expression in today’s culture through riddles and through preaching and teaching (Williams
In discussing Black English, John McWhorter talks about the theories of the origin of the language. McWhorter talks about how people have made claims that Black English is related and comes from African languages. He also tells how their research on this subject is unreliable and “sketchy.” These people making these claims are outside of linguistics, meaning they practice things such as education and speech pathology. People like Dr. Smith, a teacher at a medical college, suggested that Black English is a mixture of African languages with English, where these African languages have altered English into a new language.
Judgment for using colloquialisms found mostly in the black community (African American Vernacular English, or AAVE, as it is called) is commonly paired with a white person’s latent racism — despite that white person perhaps thinking his or her
Loosely using words we do not have recognition of is a problem we can fix with more public awareness of where they came from through a conversation about race; a conversation that may seem daunting, but that has the ability to teach profound lessons of the way our society
Throughout the article, Tan uses a number of personal examples to show and support her point. These examples span from phone conversations and hospital visits to standardized tests. By using examples that cover a wide variety of topics, Tan is able to demonstrate the large effect that her mother’s style of english had and how it was woven into her whole life and not just a part of it. Particularly in the hospital example, Tan also brings in the stereotyping of people who speak “broken” english as not being very smart. In bringing this issue that is at the very root of our society, she darkens the tone to melancholy.
“If Black English Isn’t a Language Then Tell Me What Is” In the essay “If Black Isn’t a Language Then Tell Me What Is” (The New York Times, 1979) written by James Baldwin, the author asserts that the African American community has altered the English language into a new language during the last five centuries to accommodate the black experience in American history despite the white’s attempt to submerge it. To begin the essay he makes his argument clear by referencing the alterations the French made to their native language to describe how people will eventually “...evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their circumstances…”; furthermore he continues to analyze how the caucasian people of America have only accepted the black language when it came out of a white mouth; he ends the essay by reinforcing his position, elaborating on the racism black’s have faced when they were denied the right to an education unless it was for the white benefit. His liberal purpose is to bring light to the subtle racism that African Americans experience even after the Civil Rights movement and to acknowledge the cultural influence they have in America. His writing appears very personal and intimate like he’s voluntarily opening up to his audience by letting them know of his own struggles as an African American, targeting mostly minorities and people who feel oppressed by white America.
Although this sort of language is not limited to the characteristics of AAE, it situates the African American childhood in their socially disadvantaged environment, where the inhibition level of using taboo vocabulary is at a minimum and the language is, in fact, that which is considered inappropriate in other social
1. Subject–verb agreement errors One basic rule of English grammar is that the subject (the one performing the action) must agree in number with the verb (the action or state of being). For example, in the sentence "Matt plays the guitar," both Matt and plays are singular, so this subject and verb agree. However, most sentences, especially in academic writing, aren 't so straightforward. Descriptive phrases can get in the way, making it difficult to determine if the subjects and verbs agree.
One of the ways that African American Vernacular English is integrated into the classroom is through a drill called the Word Discrimination Drill. This integrates concepts from both AAVE and Standard English. The point of this activity is for students to be able to differentiate between the two by saying either “same” or “different”. In order to advance the skill level of this activity, it would become a drill called the Sentence Discrimination Drill. In this one, it is exactly like the Discrimination drill, except words are put into sentences rather than said on their own.
Finally, for mainly historical reasons, certain English dialects or varieties have been viewed more positively than others. Thus, Standard English, because of its association with being the national English language, has been perceived as the most prestigious of English varieties. However, the fact that some dialects and accents are seen to be more prestigious than others is more a reflection of judgements based on social, rather than linguistic, criteria. As society changes, so too do attitudes towards dialect, accent and variational use of English generally.