PRETTY GOOD PRIVACY - PGP
Pretty Good Privacy, commonly called PGP, is a freely available cryptographic program developed by Philip Zimmerman for the purpose of providing security (confidentiality and authentication) in data communication. It is mostly employed by most email applications as it can be used for signing, encrypting, and decrypting messages and files.
Operational Design of PGP
PGP was designed in a way to operate in a manner that satisfies four different services: digital signature/ authentication, message encryption/ confidentiality, compression and email compatibility.
1. Authentication/ Digital signature: Hash code (created using SHA-1) of a message is encrypted with the sender’s secret key (using DSS or RSA) and included with the message.
The recipient decrypts with the
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• Various implementations of the algorithms operate well together as one version of the algorithm can decompress some other version. Signing after compression would impede all implementations to the same version, making it incompatible with any other version.
It is compressed before encryption to strengthen its security against cryptanalytic attacks as compression reduces redundancy, thus, encrypting an already reduced redundant message makes the encryption even stronger.
4. Email compatibility: PGP converts the default 8-bit binary stream of text to ASCII text the standard allowed format of characters allowed in most email systems.
To make this conversion, radix-64 is used. Radix-64 does this by mapping every group of 3 octets of binary data into 4 ASCII characters.
Overview of the Design On transmission: generate signature using hash code of uncompressed plaintext then compress the plaintext with the signature. Afterwards, you encrypt and attach the public key and finally convert the entire block to radix-64
1.3 How do local area networks (LANs) differ from wide area networks (WANs) and backbone networks (BNs) Local area networks are limited within an organization Wide area networks extend over a large geographical distance and may be privately owned or rented Backbone network are the part of network infrastructure that feeds the connected networks 1.8 Describe the seven layers in the OSI network model and what they do. Application – this layer is specific to applications and provides services such as email, network software services and file transfers Presentation - In this layer, the data is formatted in a schema that network understands, and also manages data encryption and decryption Session – this layer establishes and controls the data communication between
1. C1 then performs a permutation on vector [Y] and sends it to C2. C2 decrypts the vector and informs C1 where the distinct bit is located. By performing reverse permutation C1 knows precisely where the bit flip occurs and the two key bits that must be compared 2.
Compression can always save 2 bytes here until that point. datetime2 Uses the integer data representation by using 6 to 9 bytes. The first 4 bytes represent the date. The bytes taken by the time will depend on the precision of the time that is specified. char
7.7.1 Data Owners 1. One whose going to access files, one who owns file, who requires his data to be secure. 2. Data owners are responsible for encrypting the data by generating private key. MMCOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2015-2016 26 Regeneration of code based cloud storage 3.
• ICMP; is one of the main rules of the internet protocol suite. It is used by system devices, like router, to send error messages showing, for example, that a demanded service is not offered or that a crowd or router could not be touched. • DHCP; Dynamic host configuration protocol is a customer server rules that repeatedly delivers an internet rules (IP) address and other linked arrangement information such as the subnet mask and avoidance entry. • Bluetooth; Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that lets people to usefully connect their plans with other policies “and “the character of the technology is developing to not only allow devices to talk with one another, but actually allow the all-in-one communication between devices, native requests and the cloud.” •
This can help delete all the malware or malicious content on the computer’s system. This can be the only way to save a computer at times, for example if the memory storage has been filled up with worms that keep copying themselves until the system stops responding. If this is the case then deleting everything can be the easiest way to stop. Other times, the malware is not visible to the user allowing it to travel through the system’s hard drive and damage the files. It can also be disguised as useful files.
Nowadays, “privacy” is becoming a popular conversation topic. Many people believe that if they do not do anything wrong in the face of technology and security, then they have nothing to hide. Professor Daniel J. Solove of George Washington University Law School, an internationally known expert in privacy law, wrote the article Why Privacy Matters Even if You Have ‘Nothing to Hide’, published in The Chronicle of Higher Education in May of 2011. Solove explains what privacy is and the value of privacy, and he insists that the ‘nothing to hide’ argument is wrong in this article. In the article, “Why Privacy Matters Even if You Have ‘Nothing to Hide’”, Daniel J. Solove uses ethos, pathos, and logos effectively by using strong sources, using
The reader had to decipher the codes in order to receive the message. The code was a mix of numbers or letters that substituted for the actual letters in the message. Certain words, usually common places, names and dates would be given different words to be used instead. Tallmadge made four copies of the codes and gave them to Abraham Woodall, Robert Townsend and of course, George Washington. Woodall and Townsend also had code names.
The encryption key (public key) does not have to be secret and anyone can use it to encrypt data. However, the corresponding decrypted key (private key) is known to a single entity that can decrypt data encrypted with the encryption key. When we need to send an encrypted message to someone else, we first obtain the person’s public encryption key and transform the message with it. Only the recipient knows the corresponding private key. The recipient can decrypt the message.
The data is stored in the format of rows and columns in a grid. Letters- Business letters are used to communicate with people outside of the office. A business letter is usually formatted in the style of company address, recipient address, content of letter and signature of sender. Explain the use of different types of information communication technology
In the present era everyone needs fast processing and less space required to store results in computation process as well as security of information. There are many encryption algorithms in which some of these take more computation time, some of these take less, but all has their own advantages and disadvantages. Mainly encryption are classified into two based on key used are: asymmetric key encryption and symmetric key encryption. Asymmetric key Encryption is also called public key cryptography. In this, two different keys are used, one is for encryption called public key and decryption is performed by another key termed as a private key.
Should the Postal Rule be Abolished? Contract law is a form of the law which focuses on agreements made between two or more parties. Contracts can be made in an informal manner and can also be made formally. Most people would recognise a contract to be a formal written document which states the conditions, warranties and description of an offer being made. However, that is not always the case.
the more options there and can be used to violate privacy. Most people consider they have little, if any, control over their personal data. Better encryption and the minimizing of data requirements aids in this goal. PIMS systems are a new technological developing that promises to aid the privacy dilemma. The PIMS system consists of a user’s server, running the services selected by the user, storing and processing the user’s data locally instead of on an online server.
Technology is growing at a fast pace and every day we see a new product or service that is available. Many times it is hard to even keep up with the latest phone, computer, game console, or software. There are so many different gadgets to choose from and even the internet is on information overload. As a result, we can no longer truly expect to have privacy.
Cryptography basically makes any transaction secure between two parties. Security is very important, because every person with Bitcoins, their Bitcoins, and every transaction is logged to a public ledger visible by every computer on the