Informal Settlements

Urban sprawl has grown to be a serious threat to environmental and social capital. The challenges of Urban Sprawl to the environment and society needs to be measured and mitigated skillfully with serious and purpose oriented input from planners, government and the community. In metropolitan areas, Urban Growth Management has become a known discipline that is used efficiently to regulate land use. Urban Growth Management attempts to addresses and mitigate the negative repercussions of urban sprawl and it also facilitates in designing future policies to keep urban development sustainable. (Fertner, Jorgensen, Nielsen & Nilsson, 2016).

The latter issue will prompt the deterioration of the social dependability inside urban areas. By and by, the full effect of gentrification on urban development ought to be concentrated further. Truth be told, the backing of gentrification is vital just on the state of the beneficial outcome on the urban development in any case, in reality, the danger of enlarging crevices between various social classes, in particular between the rich and the poor, may extend that may prompt the avoidance of the poor and their marginalization. In this way, the procedure of gentrification should be concentrated on in subtle elements however arrangement creators ought to contemplate the way that gentrification considerably affects the social, monetary and demographic development of present day urban

Martin Sanchez-Jankowski’s Cracks in the Pavement (2008) traces the trajectory of social change and resilience in poor neighbourhoods in New York. His ethnographic work lasted nine years, during which he observed five important institutions, i.e. public housing projects, small grocery shops, barbershops and hair salons, gangs, and local high schools. Most of the data collected is through participant/non-participant observation. In his analyses, Sanchez-Jankowski makes a departure from the social disorganization theory of urban poverty which attempts to locate a ‘culture of poverty’ (Oscar Lewis).

(van Kempen, Schutjens, van Weesep, 2002). Also officers who work for government and other institutions can allocate resources according to their own implicit goals, values, assumptions and ideologies. This means that stereotypes and racism might influence their decisions. As a matter of fact it is a plain example for individual racism caused by institutional racism. Even they are chosen for a public dwelling, sometimes there is quota that does not allow more than a certain percentage of immigrants to live in a given neighborhood or block of houses and when rental units are unavailable or inaccessible, households are forced to buy

There has to be a realistic solution that can be put into motion to benefit everyone involved. Referring again to his article “Is Gentrification All Bad?” Davidson argues that urban renewal, if done right, is not a monstrous custom that it is painted to be; nevertheless, he reasons that gentrification depends on who does it, how they do it, and why they do it. As a resident in New York, a city where gentrification is as widespread as the common cold in winter, Davidson speculates that those who go into a neighborhood with the intention to renovate houses, or abandoned buildings ought to have a good reason for it. The author points out that “Gentrification does not have to be something that one group inflicts on another…” (Davidson 349), rather, he suggests that everyone, the gentrifiers and the locals, be on the same page when it comes to developing their

Is it a poor, crime-ridden neighborhood? Is it a posh, peaceful neighborhood? A person's access to economic resources dictates. This, of course, is quickly reflected in the organization of metropolis centers in the United States. The phrase ‘inner city' is often associated with crime and, in general, a place that outsiders don't want to walk through after dark.

It describes how landscape is now turning into architecture’s basic building block and it’s a way of organizing horizontal surfaces according to Charles Waldheim. After the social and environmental disasters to cities of the industrial revolution, Cities needed to return to caring for the landscape and implementing it into the designing of architecture. A quote from Rem Koolhaas in 1998 perfectly describes this, “Architecture is no longer the primary element of urban order, increasingly landscape is the primary element of urban order.” This makes a city more sustainable, secure, flexible, and is cost efficient. Contemporary landscape relates to Poble Nou Park by Jean Nouvel because this area of Poble Nou is an area aimed at the development of economic and technological sectors and this park implements the landscape its built around. During the time the park was built the city was going through a very bad drought and this park was necessary for the condition of the irrigation system.

In infrastructure development, the government has helped a lot to the developing countries, thereby gaining an opportunity to Nike expand the range of market. As the result of political analysis, Nike Inc has opportunities to expand Nike footwear market in global. Economic Analysis Economic recession is the biggest threat for the Nike. Nike. Inc has faced treat which is financial crises of 2008

Since the early stages of this contamination the link between urban planning and its impact on the inhabitants has been crucial, the new organization of the city was not intended just as a reflection of new ideals but also as a tool to form the new citizen, to the extent that some planners thought that planning itself could bring a social transformation. Probably the most influential of these planners have been Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. As Robert Fisherman said in his analysis of these three architects’ vision: «Many people dream of a better world; Howard, Wright and Le Corbusier went a step further and planned one. Their social consciences took this rare and remarkable step because they believed that, more than any other goal, their societies needed new kinds of cities. They were deeply fearful of the consequences for civilization if the old cities, with all the social conflicts and miseries they embodied, were allowed to persist.

The government has two primary reasons which influence urban regeneration in cities and their developers. Which are; the benefit to general economic development from urban regeneration, and financial and political inter-governmental relations between local and central governments in