Occupational Stress: A Literature Review

Burnout may be defined as being psychologically worn out by one's work; burnout adversely impacts motivation, productivity and job satisfaction and is reflected in low levels of enthusiasm or energy, negative disposition towards others at work and one's perception of productivity (Spector, 2012). The article identifies four (4) indicators of burnout. The first indicator identified by the author was being easily annoyed (Garfinkle, 2005-2015); researchers support this indicator; cynicism and detachment were identified as one of the symptoms of burnout (Beheshtifar & Omidvar, 2013). Cynicism and depersonalization are directed at both persons receiving service and co-workers and it generally affects the employee's personal life as well (Embriaco,

Too much stress and it affects your health and by extension your wealth. This document seeks to explain the ways that stress can be managed among the law enforcement officers. Stress can be a major hindrance to the officers’ effectiveness of duty. During a call, it generates automatic physiological and psychological reactions that reduce one’s effectiveness.

Burnout is manifestations of exhaustion, cynicism and decreased professional efficacy (Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, and Jackson, 1996). The idea of burnout began from human administration experts among whom contacts with other individuals constitute the greater part of their tasks and can turn into a source of stress (Maslach, 1976). In human administration segment, the side effects of burnout identify with cooperation with clients (enthusiastic fatigue, depersonalization, and decreased individual

Moreover to the physical stress of working longer hours, there are also environmental reasons of pressure. These include extreme noise, a non-supportive administration, unfair rating procedures, failure to receive acknowledgement and unsafe working conditions. Also there are psychological causes of pressure in the workplace, such as encounters between employees, communication difficulties, lost sense of purpose, feelings of being overawed and fatigue. Remarks or behaviors which deny employees’ contributions, degrade them personally, or interfere with their ability to function as individuals may start the cycle of despair or violence (Gerson, A., 1993). Additional sources of job-related stress include uncertain job expectations and descriptions; short closing date and consistent “fire drills”; responsibility but no decision-making authority; routine, dull jobs with no room for creativity; and last but not least, the “isms” – racism, sexism, and ageism (Evans, T., 1990).

2.2.1. Dimensions of Burnout According to Maslach, burnout can be a collection of several dimensions such as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment (Maslach et al. 2001): 1. Emotional exhaustion is defined as the feeling that someone has or suffer from excessive burden and feels suffering because of his/her job. This aspect is the most important aspect in burnout and the most frequently reported.

Karasek [1979] stated in his Demand–Control model of job strain mentioned that workers experiencing high psychological demands. As an example a high workload and conflicting roles then low decision latitude by having no freedom in one’s job are more likely face distress. The Demand–Control model also be highlighted the positive effects of social support from supervisors and colleagues [Karasek et al., 1982]. 2.2 Conceptual Framework For the conceptual framework, it will involve two of variable which are independent variable and dependent variable.

Day, Kelloway and Hurrell, (2014) as well as Farrell and Geist-Martin (2005) add to the organisational wellness argument even as they support the work of Salanova et al. (2012) and Kortum (2015) Generational differences in work values have a mostly negative impact on the health of an organisation as it significantly increases the toxicity levels within the organisation. Toxicity depletes vitality from the organisation and its members (Frost, 2004) Before discussing further, it is necessary to explain the theory.

At the same time unemployment impacts the economy and the society. Economy experiences decreased spending power of the families and extra expenditure on unemployment benefits, the society meets changes in the mental health, crimes and violence, standard of living and others. There were many studies conducted on dependencies and mechanisms of unemployment. Unemployment can explained by many factors as well as inflation. As one of the reasons of unemployment, inflation within the country can be considered.

For instance, stress could lead to stress-induced gastrointestinal problems, irritable bowel syndrome, acidity, acid reflux, insomnia, depression, heart disease. Moreover, stress could push the victim toward high risk behaviour such as smoking, drinking, and substance abuse. Stress-related illness led to increase in absenteeism and attrition affecting the profitability of the organizations. (Kumar & Rooprai, 2009) Stress can be triggered by the pressures of everyday responsibilities at work and at home. Traumatic stress, brought on by war, disaster, or a violent attack, can keep your body’s stress levels elevated far longer than is necessary for survival.

Work stress reflects poor compatibility between the individual and the situations that one may face in the vicinity of the work. The stress occurs in situations where the employee perceives that his capacity to face work requirements represents a significant burden on him (Anderson R. 2003). The physical changes (rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure) and psychological changes (stress and anxiety) of an individual is the process of creating or willing to adapt compressor environmental variables (Bummer K. & B.H. Newberry,