In the following section, I review the empirical evidence of the pro and cons on spatial mismatch hypothesis. In addition, I discuss the application of the data and previous empirical strategy to investigate the effect of spatial mismatch on the level of employment and earnings as well as commuting patterns. 3.1. Factors that cause spatial mismatch None of earlier studies that examined the interaction between housing location and unemployment until Kain (1968) proposed the idea of racial segregation in the U.S. housing market as the main cause of spatial mismatch problem. To support his idea, Kain simply used multiple regression models and tested the survey data of Chicago and Detroit Area Traffic Study in two different years – 1956 and 1952, …show more content…
By examining U.S 1980 Public Use Micro Samples (PUMS) data which are more powerful than survey-based samples, he includes neighborhoods across metropolitan areas to avoid error in sample selection and then estimates a regression model with a set of more controlling variables on individual characteristics such as age, gender, education, and race. Additionally, the author exploited intercity variations in non-white residential centralization. To get more consistency, Weinberg also performs instrumental variable (IV) regression. Further, he found that the effect of non-whites residential centralization is greatest for large metropolitan areas, for the young and elderly, and for those with low education levels. Hence, non-white residential centralization has been an important variable in explaining their employment status. This result is similar to Kain’s results and supports the spatial mismatch hypothesis. However, the analysis in this research does not include the variation of employment growth by job sector. This is important information in order to identify in which job sector the non-white are difficult to enter the labor …show more content…
One of the explanations is related to Kain’s prediction where job decentralization has reduced working opportunities for inner-city workers. However, this prediction is unclear when the youth are included in the observation as they do not work in blue-collar jobs and the number of the youth population in inner-city do not represent workers who compete for low-quality jobs (Ihlanfeldt & Sjoquist, 1990). To improve this measurement error, the authors construct a new measure of job access which is different from previous works to test the relationship between the nearness of jobs and youth job probability. In addition, they include the use of a richer set of control variables and separately estimate the models by race, age, and employment status in different metropolitan areas based on the Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) U.S. 1980 Census of Population data. Later, the authors found that the relative distance to job locations have a strong effect on employment status regardless the race, age, and enrollment status. The important issue which remained unclear from this study is whether or not the absence of nearby jobs affect employment status for inner-city youth workers due to limited information about job opportunities, high distance commuting to the nearest jobs locations, and reluctant for working in unfamiliar
The contemporary distinctive patterns of segregation and poverty in the United States often relate back to the issue of race. Scholars have looked at the institutional forces that shape differential life outcomes of American racial minorities, particularly African Americans, to explain such patterns. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted from institutional and interpersonal racism in the housing market that perpetuates already existing racial segregation. Amanda Lewis and colleagues adds more insight to Massey and Denton’s investigation with their comprehensive overview
Neighborhoods just toward the west and east of downtown Baltimore, including Sandtown-Winchester and stretching out into rural Baltimore County, display high rates of poverty. Those neighborhoods are overwhelmingly black, mirroring a long history of express and verifiable approaches in the locale that yielded abnormal amounts of racial and monetary isolation. This racial segregation and poverty fixation enable record for stark contrasts between Baltimore 's black and white populaces in key financial results to like instruction, work, and youngster
“People Like Us” by David Brooks is an article written for people who do not care about diversity. The article talks about how people really are not as diverse as they think they are. People like to be around people who a similar to them in most ways. Brooks ideal audience is white people who live in neighborhoods this can be seen by looking at how he talks about diversity. David Brooks says that “In fact, evidence suggest that some neighborhoods become more segregated over time.”
When reading article Black Employment, Segregation, and the Social Organization of Metropolitan Labor Markets, one can state many claims to this, location is everything. On page 289 gives a great example of “mapping”, by saying “The exposure dimension, which measures blacks’ likelihood of contact with whites, maps onto theories of isolation and may explain why members of minority and majority groups do not share similar social networks.” Given the example, used car dealership verse luxury car dealership, it would be much easy for a black male named Jamal to get a job selling cars in the hood or lower-class used car dealership area, then say selling luxury car dealership in middle to upper-class areas. Another great example that helps see this
The reason this type of model occurs in both of these cities is that high-rent residents historically have wanted to move away from the industrial sectors for quality of life reasons. Thus low-income residents tend to live close to these areas with adverse health effects leading to missing work and spending money on health products. This results in a lack of ability to move up the social ladder and possibly move out of these areas.
At this point it was widely acknowledged that many of America’s cities faced severe economic, fiscal, and social problems. In hindsight the problems were two fold. First, as Harold Wolman points out in his exhaustive essay titled The Reagan Urban Policy and its Impacts “metropolitan-area population and employment had decentralized, leaving central cities trapped within fixed boundaries with a disproportionately high share of the needy populations and social problems like unemployment, poverty, crime and poor overall health, but a disproportionately low share of the tax base” (Wolman, 312). In addition, Wolman went on to point out that urban centers had a higher share of minority residents at the time, which caused the problems of minorities to be seen as identical to the issues facing urban
Etzioni’s opinions I disagree with is that he believes that working harms minority and lower class teens. Etzioni states that such fast food type of jobs “provide no career ladders, few marketable skills, and undermine school attendance and involvement” (250). While it is true that some of those minority teen workers do focus on the jobs, they may not have another option if they want to help to put food on their tables at home. I personally, can understand the thoughts of teens in such a position. I know that if it was me as a teen and my option was to either go to school without working and participate in activities or possibly be homeless and hungry, I would choose to go to work every time.
One interesting thing the author notes is the wealth inequality in the United States. Even though “1% of the population own nearly half the wealth in the country the American dream persists” (Golash-Boza, pg. 269). People still believe that if you work hard you will succeed. At first glance, it’s clear that white people have a higher percentage of home ownership than any other race. However in saying that, I would like to know what the population totals were by race for each state as well.
Wealth is one of the factors why residential segregation is an increasing problem. Golash- Boza explains, “Residential segregation happened when different groups of people are sorted into discount neighborhoods” (271). It is because of housing segregation
Lance Freeman, an associate professor of urban planning in Columbia, wanted to investigate if there was any displacement going on in two predominantly black neighborhoods that was briskly gentrifying. Much to his dismay, he couldn’t find any correlation between gentrification and displacement. What was surprising to Freeman was his discovery, “poor residents and those without a college education were actually less likely to move if they resided in gentrifying neighborhoods”. (Sternbergh, 19) Freeman adds, “The discourse on gentrification, has tended to overlook the possibility that some of the neighborhood changes associated with gentrification might be appreciated by the prior residents.” (Sternbergh, 19)
So, a rise in immigration will probably lead to a decline in salaries in certain job areas, while a rise in salaries is acquired in some other labor
Death of youth, Collapse of economy and hate of government are the major effect of illegal immigration. An estimated 11.5 – 12 million foreign nationals are living in the US, according to the Pew Hispanic Center. To solute this problem there are four realistic solutions. Providing suitable jobs for youth is one of them.
Public Policy on Housing Discrimination Executive Summary Housing discrimination and segregation have long been present in the American society (Lamb and Wilk). The ideals of public housing and home buying have always been intertwined with the social and political transformation of America, especially in terms of segregation and inequality of capital and race (Wyly, Ponder and Nettking). Nevertheless, the recent unrest in Ferguson, Missouri and in Baltimore due to alleged police misconduct resulting to deaths of black men brought light on the impoverished conditions in urban counties in America (Lemons). This brings questions to the effectiveness of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in devising more fair-housing facilities (Jost).
Not only did he focus on the city of Chicago, but he also focused on other cities with similar situations. Within the book, Wilson provides the audience with different reasons as to why there is poverty and joblessness within the urban area. As mentioned earlier, Wilson main purpose for writing this book was to inform the reader about one of the major problems, which was the disappearance of jobs. Wilson begins the book with an introduction on the causes of the disappearance of work.
Many youth are unemployed because they have just come from high school and they do not have enough work experience to get a job. Adults are more likely to be unemployed because of physical and mental health challenges. Adults also tend to be unemployed because of cyclical, structural and frictional unemployment. Unemployment also goes into hand with homelessness and panhandling, because there is not enough jobs people are ending up homeless and looking for other ways to get money. Why are youth more likely to be unemployed than adults, and is unemployment among youth becoming a social problem?