Module Title: Neuropsychopharmacology
Module Code: A8PS102
Programme: BA (Hons) in Psychology
Delivery Mode: FT PT
Lecturing Team Name Email Telephone
Module Leader: Tergel Khashbat 10170423@dbs.ie
Indicative Timetable Full time Part time Monday at 10am – 12am Monday 6.00pm – 7.00pm Wednesday 9am -11am
Duration 4 weeks
Module objectives:
1. To build learners knowledge and understanding of the brain anatomy from the cellular to gross understanding, the neurotransmitter system and its function of the role of behaviour.
2. To teach learners the important principle of pharmacology such as how drugs affect human body and brain, what the drug does to the body and what the body does to the drug.
3. To give more understanding of how
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Learners will have an understanding about the basic and essentials of neuro psychopharmacology such as from target selection to treatment using drugs, evaluate its efficacy and implications in humans and animals. Learners will have developed full understanding of number of neurobiological and psychiatric disorder’s causes and range of treatments and lastly how certain drugs can alter the mood and behaviour of the user.
Learning Activities:
The neuropsychopharmacology module will be assessed by two components which will consist of continuous assessment in the form of a detailed essay about a chosen neurobiological disorder, stating its symptoms, causes and treatments with a drug of choice detailing the mechanism of its action from a cellular level. Students are required to provide detailed overview of the chosen disorder by identifying the system and structures that’s involved in it. Students must have published research referenced in the essay (50% of final grade) and an in class test at the end of the 4 weeks. The examination will consist of diagrams, short answer questions and multiple choice questions that will address the contents that have been covered since week 1 (50% of the final
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Drug manufacture and animal model. Will be discussing the current strategies of drug development and its uses for the treatment of number of psychiatric and neurobiological disorders such as parkinson’s, alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety etc. Ethical debates and implication of preclinical experiments involving the use of animal models and its efficacy will be debated in the classroom.
Week 3
5. Antipsychotic drugs. The historical background of the antipsychotic drugs including when who and how it was developed originally and how it has since been improved. The mechanism of its action and application of antipsychotic drugs for psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia will be discussed.
6. Antidepressant drugs. The historical background of the antidepressant drugs including when who and how it was developed originally and how it has since been improved. The mechanism of its action and application of antipsychotic drugs for it’s psychiatric disorder depression will be discussed.
Week 4
7. Anxiolytic drugs. The historical background of the anxiolytic drugs including when who and how it was developed originally and how it has since been improved. The mechanism of its action and application of antipsychotic drugs for its psychiatric disorder anxiety will be
Taking in toxic and harmful drugs can cause a change in the way an individual sends, receives and processes
CMN 556 Unit Three Journal Unit three was quite challenging and very rewarding. So many of the patients I encountered during this unit (actually unit two because I have not had any clinical so far in unit three) have had ongoing struggles with addiction, specifically to benzodiazepines. I made it one of my goals for this unit to learn more about the proper use of benzodiazepines, and to discuss with my preceptor the many options for alternative medications and the treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are not prescribed as widely as they once were, not just because of the addictive nature of this medication class, but because there is new evidence-based research that shows that there is a high risk for developing early-onset dementia with prolonged use. In the past, patients with diagnoses such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Panic Disorder were given this medication in order to reduce anxiety symptoms.
The biological explanation of the brain in regards to drug addiction is interesting. According to the textbook, "Studies have found convincing evidence that drugs such as alcohol, heroin, and cocaine act directly on the brain mechanisms that are responsible for reward and punishment. " When one use drugs, the drug stimulates the areas of the brain that create the sensation of pleasure and suppress the pleasure of pain, as, a result, the user receives reinforcement to engage in further drug-taking behavior. The psychological explanation of drug abuse, "Focus on either personality disorders or the effects of social learning and reinforcement on drug-taking behaviors."
Supporting the DSM-5 checklist for a diagnosis of schizophrenia is the fact that the symptoms first began when Randy was in college and these have increased over time. The information provided on Randy’s family history, his school/social history, plus the description of his current lifestyle and the symptoms he now displays, could be used by the biological theorist
Some studies are mentioned in this article that support the fact that the use of this drugs are just short term, one of this studies consisted in giving a group of 600 children with focusing problems (A.D.D.) four different treatments (medication, cognitive-behavior therapy,
Both nonpharmacological therapy and pharmacological medications must be used to boost the long term outcomes. Nonpharmacological treatments help with pharmacological medicines by guaranteeing that the patient stays on track with their medications. According to the American Psychiatric Association, second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics (SGAs) are the first-line treatment for schizophrenia except for Clozapine. SGAs are the best-liked over typical antipsychotics (FGAs). FGAs are connected with high extrapyramidal symptoms, which are drug-induced movement disorders such as tremors, jerky movements, and the slowness of movements.
Many years before any acute episodes are experienced, the negative symptoms are likely to be present. These symptoms are very subtle and can be hard to distinguish as schizophrenia. The negative symptoms are often likened to those of depression, with a lack of motivation and being unsociable common examples. It is not uncommon for people with schizophrenia to suffer from cognitive impairment in addition to these behavioural changes, with concentration an issue for many (Mueser and McGurk, 2004). In conclusion, despite large amounts of research concerning the disorder, both diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia still proves costly.
Typical antipsychotics affect the central nervous system differently than atypical antipsychotics. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and controls our thoughts emotions and actions. Neurotransmitters control these actions and travel between different areas in the brain through nerve cells called neurons, and within these nerve cells, there are several different neurotransmitters that use different receptors. Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking the D2 dopamine receptor. Typical antipsychotic medications, however, block the D2 receptor, which decreases the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but also block certain D2 receptors that are located outside of the mesolimbic pathway, a dopaminergic pathway in the brain that begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the nucleus accumbens.
The effects of this type of drug can be defined as drug-induced psychosis — misinterpretation and confusion relating to a person’s ability to perceive reality, think
Reichenberg, A. (2010). The assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 12(3), 383-392. World Health Organization. Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders.
The specified medication involved in treating the disorder involves the application of ADHD stimulants meaning that if the drug is taken as prescribed by the medical doctor, the behavior and attention insignificance will be reduced remarkably. ADHD drugs are commonly abused by people through injection, insufflation, even rectal administration of the pills. Different research conducted has illustrated the illegal use of ADHD medication for their stimulating properties. Research indicates that students using the drug as a stimulant shows a positive increase in performance and cognitive skills (Vester, Brady and Galanter 78). Additionally, college students abusing the drug through using it as a stimulant state believe that the drug revives the body and the brain hence increase the ability to focus academically.
Literature review Symptom types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is generally divided according to symptom types. The symptoms of schizophrenia have been divided into three specific complexes (i.e., positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits; Buchanan, 2007), while others use a dichotomous model, such as type I and type II Schizophrenia (Crow, 1980) that roughly corresponds to positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Andreasen, 1982). Positive symptoms were characterized over the past 150 years by active excesses in normal functioning; while negative symptoms of schizophrenia are characterized by a loss of normal functioning (Berrios, 1985; Rector, Beck & Stolar, 2005). Hence, while there are different symptom types, all typologies and dimensional models acknowledge negative symptoms. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be a marker of dysfunction and cognitive impairments (Rabinowtiz et al., 2012).
Such drugs that affect consciousness are: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. In this essay, all three drugs will be discussed. Depressants
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine better known as MDMA or by its street name of ecstasy or Molly is a man-made, psychoactive drug that is mainly used now days by young “ravers” to get high and have hallucinogen effects. It makes one feel that they have increased energy, exhilaration and emotional warmth. This drug highly distortions ones senses and time perception. Today I will demonstration to you the effects that MDMA have on ones Neurophysiology, behavior and how greatly harmful it may be on ones body. MDMA or ecstasy has increased as a recreational drug since 2007.
The good news is that while the effects of substance abuse are dangerous, but unless a person mistreats his/her body with the use of stimulants, he/she should be able to recover in a relatively quick time. The author also adds about the reality of students who are so stressed that they can’t even bring themselves to sleep. In the end, he concludes that the best way of learning is by moderation. “The Dangers of Cramming” is the article by Keith Ablow which discusses about the fact that cramming does more harm than good. The author further elaborates on both the effects of cramming and the side effects of stimulants abuse.