Factors that contributed to the origins and further development of public administration
Public administration is an old discipline that began before civilisation due to formation of communities. For communities to operate properly administration was put in place to administer the daily need of the community.
In the olden days communities were governed by Kings and monarchs and as the communities grew more administration and planning was required to better manage resources, peace and other resources that communities needed. Governance structures were put in place to better understand and manage the needs of the community and new concepts were developed and studied to improve the management of the public and deliver much needed services to the public such as health care, education and infrastructure.
Public administration has developed from its origins due to urbanisation and globalisation and demands from governments have changed in the modern age that in the beginning of community administration.
With all the changes in the world urbanisation and globalisation have more put more strain on the developments and the following factors have contributed to the development of public administration.
• Human needs
• Common needs
• Increasing need for services
• Need for better distribution of services
Human needs
There are basic needs that every member of the community requires for day to day leaving. Such needs are food, water and shelter. All this needs are normally supplied by
Public administration, the art of turning big policy ideas into solid results, ranks among the very oldest of intellectual disciplines. As long as people have been documenting history, they have been writing about administration and governance. This can be traced all the way back to the first five books of the Bible; covering the study of organization, rule making, and bureaucratization to ensure that the Israelites walked in God’s ways. Also, Caesar’s commentary on the Gallic wars covers the administrative and political challenges he faced in subduing the Gauls and conquering Britain. Public administration is not only concerned with getting the government to work well, but also in relation to both promoting and limiting the exercise of
Some of those needs are the need for love, physiological needs, and safety and security. In the book “Night” Elie tells us about his experiences and how the basic needs of life were not met, by depriving them of love,
The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system. The merit system is defined as the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. This system uses educational and occupational qualifications, testing, and job performance as criteria for electing, hiring and promoting civil servants. Beginning in the federal government in 1888, it was established to improve parts of the governmental work force that had previously been staffed by the political patronage
Also, consider that people in cities and in towns need water
When people are born there are basic needs that everyone should be accessible to survive. People need to have food, water, clothes and shelter, all these basic needs should be readily available. When it is heard that certain parts of the United States are suffering from basic needs is a huge concern. All people should have access to basic needs such as food and water. But now in the 21st century the United States, is facing problems that are usually seen in third world countries.
The five basic needs for us to survive are air, food, shelter, sleep, and water. What if we don 't have one of basic needs? It is going to be hard for us to live our lives. Unfortunately, many of children in Washington State are living in harsh conditions where foods are scarce. According to Northwest harvest organization 1 in 5 kids in Washington state lives in a household that struggles to put food on the table and According to WA state department of health Among the 10th graders, 13% of them reported that their family skipped meals or reduced meal size in the past year due to lack of money.
It is divided into five levels of needs. The most basic need is physiological needs, followed by safety & security needs, social needs, self-esteem needs as well as self-actualization needs. According to this theory, if you want to achieve a higher needs, you must firstly fulfil the lowest needs which is physiological needs. In another words, when you already fulfil a needs, you will surely seek for a higher needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for human being survival such as food, water, shelter and freedom from diseases.
Some of these criticisms of traditional models of administration included: large scale government resulting in overconsumption of resources; government involvement in too many activities; widespread bureaucracy; high rates of inflation; the absence of separation between policy and administration; the absence of rational decision making; and disregard for citizens’ satisfaction. The model was also criticized for being characterized by inefficiency, corruption, lack of accountability and inflexibility. These harsh criticisms helped in the rapid emergence of a new model, New Public Management (NPM). After that,
The reading “The Proverbs of Administration” written by Herbert A. Simon analyzes the elements under the administrative theory. The author provides a diagnosis of the elements by presenting a different shift to the study that reveal that under different situations some elements are not clearly defined or established. The reading begins it discussion by analyzing the types of “accepted criteria” of administrative principles such as dividing the workers in four types of segments. Simon argued, “Administrative efficiency is increased by grouping the workers, for purposes of control, according to (a) purpose, (b) process, (c) clientele, or (d) place…” (p.103). In the same way, other accepted criteria for administrative efficiency are specialization,
Bureaucracy, Almost everyone deals with bureaucracy every day in one way or another and even if you do not personally deal with a bureaucratic official today your activities are being monitored by a bureaucratic system somewhere, but despite the fact, most people still have very little knowledge of how it works and its significance. To understand bureaucracy more it is a collection or group of official who engage in administrative and policy making duties. It is a system of government or business that has many complicated rules and ways of doing things. Bureaucracy can be considered to be a particular case of rationalization, or rationalization applied to human organization. . It’s difficult for students to engage into this topic, because they are actually living inside a bureaucracy.
They are: Physiological needs, safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self – actualization needs (Hodgetts, 1987; Reece, 2014). Physiological needs Physiological needs are the basic of all needs. It includes pay, food, clothing, shelter, water and air. Hence, the organizations pay salaries for the employees to meet their needs and provide facilities like cafeteria, vending machines, enough lighting, heating, ventilation and other facilities (Hodgetts, 1987; Reece, 2014).
Adele Myers 16148886 Public Administration PA 4021 Politics and Public Administration How did Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy have a major impact on the development of public administration systems? Illustrate your answer with examples. German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) made a lasting contribution to organisation theory. His analysis of an ‘ideal type’ bureaucracy has been criticised and refined, but it remains the most quoted starting point for the study of large organisations, particularly in the public sector. The word ‘bureaucracy’ has many meanings, to political scientists it is a system of government by ‘bureaux’ of officials.
In order to compare and contrast varying types of government within two or more countries, one must have a clear definition of Government and know the purposes it serves. Therefore, I did some research and I have established that Government is a group that exercises dominant power over a nation, state, society or other body of people. Governments are commonly responsible for constructing and implementing laws, handling money, and defending the general population from external threats, and may have other obligations or privileges. All over the world, there are many different types of government within countries. Each kind has its advantages as well as disadvantages regarding the general well-being of its peoples and economy.
2.1.1 Definition of Public Policy Many theorists define “Policy” and “Public Policy” in several ways, depending on their objectives and on the direction of study and analysis. For example, Dye (2004) described Public Policy as what a government has chosen to practice or not to practice. While, Anderson (1979) states that the public policy is a moving direction and is set up to solve problems. In addition, Laswell and Kaplan (Lasswell & Kaplan, 1970, p. 71) define public policy as “a project or programs of goals, values, and practices.” Easton (1960) defines "Policy" as the authoritative allocation of values for the benefit of the public as a whole.
Poverty is defined as the state of being unable to fulfill basic needs of human beings. Poverty is the lack of resources leading to physical deprivation. Poor people are unable to fulfill basic survival needs such as food, clothing, shelter. These are the needs of lowest order and assume top priority. Poor people are unknown of their lack of voice, power, and rights, which leads them to exploitation.