Public Welfare System In The 18th And 19th Centuries
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Historical Background
The public welfare system in the 18th and 19th centuries was a local, not a federal, obligation, patterned on the English "Poor Laws". The Poor Laws established the government's responsibility to provide for those who could not care for themselves (The Poor Relief Act 1601). Healthcare standards began to increase which in turn increased life expectancy during the 18th century, therefore increasing the population of older adults. Programs aimed at the social welfare of the older adult had not begun to dramatically flourish until the early 1900s. The establishment of the Social Security Care Act of 1935, allowed for cash benefits to the elderly. For some time the social welfare of the older adult
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According to Ingersoll-Dayton & Hammer (2001), middle aged adults who were providing care to aging parents received reciprocated support. The reciprocal care came in the form of financial assistance, help with childcare and household tasks supports exchange theory. According to John F. Longres, the exchange happens when each person a part of the transaction determines the profits to be gained by entering the transaction and by taking into account the possible rewards and costs. When caring for an older adult, the exchange of social support and finances are a part of the intimate relations of caring. Each individual has something to contribute to ensure the social welfare of one another. The outcomes of providing care to multiple generations at a time can be positive (DeRigne, 2012). According to Dorothy Miller (1981), although the exchange occurs within the dynamic of the family, the expended efforts to ensure the social welfare of the aging adult outweigh the benefits the older adult may
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