PULMONARY OEDEMA
Introduction
Pulmonary oedema is defined as the build-up of fluid in the lungs usually due to Left ventricular failure and also a result of non-cardiogenic complications (Deepak, 2010). In this essay the three main causes of oedema will be explained, the pathophysiology, the intensity factors and the management in a pre-hospital setting.
Causes of Pulmonary Oedema
The two main causes of oedema are cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic. Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is defined as the build-up of fluid in the lungs usually due to Heart failure. When the heart loses the ability to pump out blood to systemic circulation, it back flows into the pulmonary circulation. This causes the blood to build up in the pulmonary circulation causing
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The size of the embolus will determine how much of the pulmonary vascular system is affected and the seriousness of the pulmonary oedema (Peate, 2014). When a particular blood vessel is occluded, there will be an increase in hydrostatic and colloid pressure which will cause vascular permeability leading to blood moving into the interstitial space of the capillaries and alveolar via a concentration gradient (Peate, 2014). This will affect alveolar perfusion causing reduced oxygenation of pulmonary blood returning to the heart thus affecting myocardial and systemic …show more content…
Followed by the application of 12 lead electro cardiogram (ECG). It is important to determine whether it is cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic by doing primary and secondary survey. Glycerol trinitrate (vasodilator) to draw the fluid out of the lungs, aspirin (antiplatelet) to prevent or reduce platelet aggregation and flusemide (loop diuretic) that promotes the secretion of sodium and water are administered when a patient has cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Whether the patient has cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema the following procedures will apply, IPPV (Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation), PEEP (Positive end –expiratory pressure) and CPAP (Continuous positive airway pressure. Transport immediately to the nearest hospital and reassess every five minutes (Mursell,
Pathophysiology When Pulmonary Stenosis is present, resistant to blood flow cause right ventricular hypertrophy – right atrial pressure will increase – reopening of the foramen ovale, shunting of unoxygenated blood into the left atrium, systemic circulation. Clinical manifestation: Cyanosis, characteristic murmur , cardiomegaly . Treatment: Baloon angioplasty (neonate).
While auscultating sounds of lung fields no wheezing was found, and VS were within normal range for patient as determined through comparison of chartings on 10/23/2015 thru the morning and lunch VS of 10/26/ 2015 before impaired gas exchange was detected. 10/26/2015 2. Administer O2 @ 2L N/C
Neutrophils release of biochemical, humoral and cellular mediators that produce changes in the lung. Pulmonary capillary membrane permeability increased, destruction of elastin and collagen, formation of pulmonary microemboli, and pulmonary artery vasoconstriction. Pathophysiologic changes in ARDS are described in three phases. These three phases unfold sequentially over a period of several weeks to several months. First is exudative level.
The lung tissues may develop a pneumothorax. This causes the lungs to collapse by letting air escape into the chest cavity. This disease may affect the heart through aortic dilation. The aorta is a blood vessel that is responsible for transporting blood from the heart to the body. In aortic dilation, the aorta may overstretch or become weak.
CC: Dyspnea. History of Present Illness: Mr. Hebert is a very pleasant 60-year-old gentleman who was referred from the Naval Shipyard clinic for the evaluation of dyspnea. At the present time, Mr. Hebert feels well, however throughout most of the summer, he stated he had been complaining of a persistent cold that manifested primarily with nonproductive cough, plus and minus wheezing but was most disturbed by his conversational dyspnea. He was prescribed Advair and found near immediate relief within three to four days.
Heart, lungs and the Rest of You By: Olivia Abel 1.Explain how the blood flows throughout your lungs, heart and the rest of your body. Heart: Your left and right side of your heart work together to pump blood to and throughout your body which is separated by muscular tissue called the septum. In the right side blood enters through two large vein which are the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying poor oxygen blood from the body to the right reticulum. When the left side enters from the pulmonary veins and empties oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the aorta going throughout the body.
While some mild cases can resolve on their own, there is a current treatment process and protocols for managing symptoms brought with the disease. When a pneumothorax is detected, immediate action must be taken as death can occur. In addition, reoccurrence of the disease is highly common. INTRODUCTION
Summary: Prior to starting my research, I had a very rudimentary understanding of IPF. As I look at my research I am able to connect some of the pathophysiology to the tests that are usually performed for diagnosis. For example, the increase scarring and deposition of fibrotic tissue in the lung is seen as reticulonodular opacities on a chest x-ray. Additionally, the spirometry test results are consistent with my understanding of restrictive diseases and their effects on FEV1 and FVC. As far as the treatments go, Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent that inhibits collagen synthesis and slows the progression of the disease by reducing the amount of connective tissue deposition in the lungs.
Background Information: Patient R.S. is a 78-year-old male with a background in accounting; his career prior to retirement 13 years ago as an accountant. R.S. was diagnosed with COPD, community acquired pneumonia, impaired gas exchange, TURP and shortness of breath. R.S. appeared to be worn out and exhausted, he was wearing the hospital gown, had a Foley catheter in, two PICC lines bilaterally in the antecubital area, air compression legs wraps bilaterally, and heart monitor and was also wearing oxygen. He was very friendly and cooperative with having to have his vitals taken, medication given, and bed bath done. R.S. spoke in a low, happy voice.
Pulmonary edema or congestion happens when the left ventricle of the heart fails. This is simply because the inefficiency of its ventricle to pump effectively causes the blood to back up to the pulmonary capillaries as the pulmonary venous blood rises its pressure into the tissues and alveoli impairing the gas exchange. Pulmonary congestion will be manifested in crackles, difficulty of breathing, frothy pink-tinged sputum and shortness of breath. In addition, the decreased amount of blood ejected from the left side causes ineffective tissue perfusion. This is detrimental to other vital organs such as the kidneys.
As a result, these patients can’t bring the carbon dioxide out, they become retain the carbon dioxide which makes it so hard for them to breathe
Imagining tests can help evaluate findings in the chest, a Lab test can be as simple as taking blood and determining the work of your oxygen in your blood, and Spiratory can be used to measure your lung capacity. Self-treatments can help reduce Emphysema by using a Bronchodilators, which helps relieve coughing and breathing, Inhaled steroids, and Antibiotics. To prevent Emphysema from worsening, stop or do not smoke or secondhand and wear a mask to avoid chemical pollution. Respiratory therapist plays a major role in lung diseases. They help contribute to analyzing breath, tissue, and blood specimens to determine levels of oxygen and
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Pneumonia that is observed in patients in the ICU who have been placed on ventilators is called ventilator associated pneumonia. This secondary infection from nosocomial bacteria is known to be the second most common infection affecting around 27% of all patients classified as being critically ill (Koenig and Truwit 637) or even the most common at 30% (Kollef 627). The type of ventilator-associated pneumonia that occurs within 72 hours of intubation is called the early onset pneumonia, and usually caused by the aspiration during the process of intubation. This pneumonia is caused by an antibiotic sensitive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The late onset pneumonia that sets in after this period is usually resistant to pathogens such as
My patient is an 89 year old male; the patient will be referenced as WP. WP was admitted to Lutheran 3 East for a primary diagnosis of pneumonia. His health history consists of COPD, acute respiratory failure, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, vascular dementia without behavioral disturbance, CAD, carotid artery disease, and hyperlipidemia. My client also has a permanent cardiac pacemaker and use hearing aids. He’s allergic to oxycodone and Vicodin.
Vesalius had observed, by dissection, that there were no pores in the septum of the heart. This meant that direct transfer of blood was not possible. Harvey’s explanation for how blood was transferred from the right ventricle to the left ventricle was that it went through the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and returned through veins to the left auricle, and subsequently to the left ventricle. Once again this description was a simplified explanation of flow in line with his observations and those of Vesalius and